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Imaginons une société dans laquelle les hommes seraient en majorité plus petits que les femmes (ou les femmes plus grandes que les hommes, selon le point de vue). Impossible, pensons-nous ? Parce que tout ce que fait la Nature est « bien fait »? Et si, en la matière, la Nature était loin de produire des adaptations positives ? Et si, en plus, cette différenciation morphologique n'était pas l'œuvre de la Nature ? Si elle était plutôt l'indice de sélections non naturelles constituées par une entreprise de catégorisation sociale millénaire : le genre ? L'auteur discute dans cet ouvrage des explications évolutives du dimorphisme sexuel de taille corporelle entre mâles et femelles dans le monde vivant. Elle attire l'attention sur l'absence d'un modèle robuste qui rende compte de l'écart sexué de la stature dans l'espèce humaine; en confrontant des données et des modèles disponibles dans des champs disciplinaires éloignés, elle fait peu à peu émerger une hypothèse inédite. Cette recherche illustre le besoin de questionnements transdisciplinaires qui se montrent seuls ici capables de renouveler les termes d'une investigation remarquablement gelée depuis le xixe siècle.

Stature --- Sex differentiation. --- Human evolution. --- Sex differences. --- Differentiation, Sex --- Sex --- Sexual differentiation --- Body height --- Body stature --- Height, Body --- Cause and determination --- Evolution (Biology) --- Physical anthropology --- Evolutionary psychology --- Human beings --- Embryology --- Sex chromosomes --- Anthropometry --- Body size --- Posture --- Origin --- Social Anthropology --- Sexual Evolution and Size --- Gender Studies

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With the start of the Large Hadron Collider LHC at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland, and the huge detectors along this particle accelerator, the largest high energy physics experiments ever are underway. One of the experiments is the CMS detector (Compact Muon Solenoid). With this experiment over 3,000 scientists and engineers worldwide will search for answers to fundamental questions in high energy physics. Oliver Pooth describes the silicon strip tracker of the CMS detector. With a sensitive silicon area of 200 m² it is a central part of the experiment and able to precisely measure charged particles originating from high energy proton collisions at the LHC. In total, more than 15,000 individual silicon strip detector modules were built and tested before they were integrated on larger substructures of the silicon strip tracker. The author discusses methods of quality control that are new to the field of particle detector physics. These methods were established to guarantee a uniform behaviour of all detector modules which were built and tested in various places worldwide. After integration into the CMS experiment and commissioning, the silicon strip tracker is now ready to operate for at least ten years of LHC running.

Pulse height analyzers. --- Semiconductor detectors. --- Semiconductor nuclear counters. --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Nuclear Physics --- Physics - General --- Semiconductor counters --- Semiconductor radiation detectors --- Solid-state counters --- Physics. --- Computer science. --- Particle acceleration. --- Physics, general. --- Computer Science, general. --- Particle Acceleration and Detection, Beam Physics. --- Nuclear counters --- Informatics --- Science --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Acceleration (Mechanics) --- Nuclear physics --- Acceleration

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This Special Issue (SI), entitled "Applications of Remote Sensing Data in Mapping of Forest Growing Stock and Biomass”, resulted from 13 peer-reviewed papers dedicated to Forestry and Biomass mapping, characterization and accounting. The papers' authors presented improvements in Remote Sensing processing techniques on satellite images, drone-acquired images and LiDAR images, both aerial and terrestrial. Regarding the images’ classification models, all authors presented supervised methods, such as Random Forest, complemented by GIS routines and biophysical variables measured on the field, which were properly georeferenced. The achieved results enable the statement that remote imagery could be successfully used as a data source for regression analysis and formulation and, in this way, used in forestry actions such as canopy structure analysis and mapping, or to estimate biomass. This collection of papers, presented in the form of a book, brings together 13 articles covering various forest issues and issues in forest biomass calculation, constituting an important work manual for those who use mixed GIS and RS techniques.

AGB estimation and mapping --- mangroves --- UAV LiDAR --- WorldView-2 --- terrestrial laser scanning --- above-ground biomass --- nondestructive method --- DBH --- bark roughness --- Landsat dataset --- forest AGC estimation --- random forest --- spatiotemporal evolution --- aboveground biomass --- variable selection --- forest type --- machine learning --- subtropical forests --- Landsat 8 OLI --- seasonal images --- stepwise regression --- map quality --- subtropical forest --- urban vegetation --- biomass estimation --- Sentinel-2A --- Xuzhou --- forest biomass estimation --- forest inventory data --- multisource remote sensing --- biomass density --- ecosystem services --- trade-off --- synergy --- multiple ES interactions --- valley basin --- norway spruce --- LiDAR --- allometric equation --- individual tree detection --- tree height --- diameter at breast height --- GEOMON --- ALOS-2 L band SAR --- Sentinel-1 C band SAR --- Sentinel-2 MSI --- ALOS DSM --- stand volume --- support vector machine for regression --- ordinary kriging --- forest succession --- leaf area index --- plant area index --- machine learning algorithms --- forest growing stock volume --- SPOT6 imagery --- Pinus massoniana plantations --- sentinel 2 --- landsat --- remote sensing --- GIS --- shrubs biomass --- bioenergy --- vegetation indices

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Volcanoes release plumes of gas and ash to the atmosphere during episodes of passive and explosive behavior. These ejecta have important implications for the chemistry and composition of the troposphere and stratosphere, with the capacity to alter Earth's radiation budget and climate system over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Volcanogenic sulphur dioxide reacts to form sulphate aerosols, which increase global albedo, e.g., by reducing surface temperatures, in addition to perturbing the formation processes and optical properties of clouds. Released halogen species can also deplete stratospheric and tropospheric ozone. Volcanic degassing, furthermore, played a key role in the formation of Earth’s atmosphere, and volcanic plumes can affect air quality, pose hazards to aviation and human health, as well as damage ecosystems. The chemical compositions and emission rates of volcanic plumes are also monitored via a range of direct-sampling and remote-sensing instrumentation, in order to gain insights into subterranean processes, in the respect of the magmatic bodies these volatiles exsolve from. Given the significant role these gases play in driving volcanic activity, e.g., via pressurisation, the study of volcanic plumes is proving to be an increasingly fruitful means of improving our understanding of volcanic systems, potentially in concert with observations from geophysics and contributions from fluid dynamical modelling of conduit dynamics.

n/a --- radioactive disequilibria 210Pb-210Bi-210Po --- volcanic geochemistry --- radiative transfer --- spherical-cap bubble --- plume --- satellite remote sensing --- portable photometry --- puffing --- Holuhraun --- interdisciplinary volcanology --- gas slug --- atmospheric remote sensing --- analysis software --- gases --- image processing --- remote sensing --- SEVIRI data --- oxygen and sulfur multi-isotopes --- nonlinear spectral unmixing --- UV cameras --- ultraviolet cameras --- cloud height --- atmospheric chemistry --- Python 2.7 --- degassing processes --- volcanic plumes --- fissure eruption --- radiative forcing --- basaltic volcanism --- volcanic plume top height --- O3 --- eruption start and duration --- Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) --- volcanic emissions --- volcanology --- volcanic CO2 flux --- volcanic aerosols --- 2011–2015 Etna lava fountains --- SO2 --- reactive halogen --- nonlinear PCA --- gas --- Etna volcano --- geochemical modelling --- BrO --- volcanic sulfate aerosols --- volcanic gases --- SSA --- hyperspectral remote sensing --- time averaged discharge rate --- eruption monitoring --- Bárðarbunga --- strombolian --- aerosol optical properties --- Mount Etna --- Taylor bubble --- 2011-2015 Etna lava fountains --- Bárðarbunga

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The book ""Quality and Production of Forage"" is intended to keep readers updatedon the developments occurring in this field. As it is apparent that livestockanimals are important throughout the world because of the meat, milk and eggthey produce, knowledge about the forages available to animals must also beconsidered for increased production, quality and efficiency. This book providesinformation that readers will find considerably invaluable about forage feeds, suchas grass, legumes, and straw. The book is composed of ten papers, focusing on awide range of research activities and topics that feature the following concepts offorage: the effect of conservation method on forage protein value; Microbial thecomposition and mycotoxin content in forage; genetic diversity of forages; timelysowing to maximize yield for both grain and biomass; ensiling treatments onforage quality; the qualitative characteristics of different accessions of new foragespecies; forage policy influencing feed costs; feeding forage on animal health;high-protein tropical forages as alternative sources for poultry; impact of foragesin poultry diet and significance of forages in sustainable poultry productionsystems. This book will be an invaluable reference for students and professionalsin agricultural science and grassland and animal husbandry researches.

annual clover --- corn --- plant height --- forage production --- feed costs --- wilting --- population density --- Moringa oleifera --- alfalfa --- livestock --- digestibility --- hay --- sowing date --- biomass production --- clover --- tropical forages --- sustainability --- alternative protein --- plant --- animal --- dry matter --- genetic diversity --- chicken --- zearalenone --- production system --- forage --- energy balance --- grain yield --- nutritional composition --- deoxynivalenol --- grass --- silage --- policy --- path analysis --- poultry --- in vitro organic matter digestibility --- nitrogen --- nitrogen balance --- beneficial use --- lucerne --- forage yield --- anti-nutritional factors --- N fixation --- fungi --- planting --- markers --- crude protein --- epiphytic microflora