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The combination of coastal climate change impacts and their effects on the ever-increasing human utilization of the coastal zone will invariably result in increasing coastal risk in the coming decades. However, while economic damage (potential consequence) caused by climate change-driven coastal inundation and erosion (potential hazard) is likely to increase, foregoing land-use opportunities in coastal regions and protecting or nourishing coasts is also costly. Managing the risk of coastline recession is therefore a balancing act. To avoid unacceptable future risks, it is imperative that risk-informed and sustainable coastal planning/management strategies are implemented sooner rather than later. This requires the development of methods for comprehensive coastal risk assessments which combine state-of-the-art consequence (or damage) modeling and coastal hazard modeling. This Special Issue contains 13 papers aimed at addressing this challenge.

Coastal flooding --- Climate change --- Coast --- Beach --- Coastal erosion --- Estuary --- Coastal Risk

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It is well known that 55% of the world’s population currently lives in urban areas, and this figure is predicted to grow to 68% by 2050, adding more than 2.5 billion people to urban populations. It is also projected that there will be 43 megacities worldwide by 2030, with populations of more than 10 million inhabitants. The United Nations World Water Development Report, 2018, warned that by 2030, the global demand for fresh water is likely to exceed supply by 40%. Added to population growth, climate change has the potential to lead to changes in rainfall regimes, with the potential of increased flooding and drought. Currently, 1.2 billion people are at risk from flooding, but this is predicted to increase to about 1.6 billion, i.e., nearly 20% of the total world population, by 2050. In line with this, replacing deteriorating water management infrastructure that can no longer cope is economically unfeasible, impracticable from a construction point of view, and likely to fail in the long term. To address these issues, approaches are needed that are flexible and have multiple benefits. In its World Water Development Report, 2018, the UN promotes the use of nature-based solutions to some of these problems, with the focus of Sustainable Development Goal 6 (making sure that everyone has access to a safe and affordable supply of potable water and sanitation by 2030) requiring investment in suitable infrastructure across the world. This Special Issue covers the challenges faced in managing urban water in all its forms, from potable supplies to reuse and harvesting, as well as resilient and sustainable approaches developed to address flooding and drought.

SWAT --- urbanization --- nutrient loads --- constructed wetlands --- buffer zones --- river bank stabilization --- multi-source combined water supply --- optimal allocation of water resources --- incoming water uncertainty --- guaranteed rate of water use --- groundwater --- Heckman model --- self-supply --- water demand --- water economics --- industry --- climate change --- coastal protection --- coastal flooding --- sea defence --- experimental modelling --- sustainability --- detention basins --- green roofs --- MicroDrainage --- porous pavement --- runoff reduction --- swales --- biological evolution --- ecosystem services --- low impact development (LID) --- stormwater best management practices (BMP) --- stormwater control measures (SCMs) --- sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) --- water sensitive urban design (WSUD) --- potable supplies --- groundwater level changes --- infiltration --- recharge --- climate changes --- water efficiency

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As the most heavily populated areas in the world, coastal zones host the majority and some of the most important human settlements, infrastructures and economic activities. Harbour and coastal structures are essential to the above, facilitating the transport of people and goods through ports, and protecting low-lying areas against flooding and erosion. While these structures were previously based on relatively rigid concepts about service life, at present, the design—or the upgrading—of these structures should effectively proof them against future pressures, enhancing their resilience and long-term sustainability. This Special Issue brings together a versatile collection of articles on the modelling of harbour and coastal structures, covering a wide array of topics on the design of such structures through a study of their interactions with waves and coastal morphology, as well as their role in coastal protection and harbour design in present and future climates.

beach morphology --- beach nourishment performance --- sustainable development --- General Shoreline beach model --- United Arab Emirates --- Saadiyat Island --- breakwater --- extreme learning machine --- stability assessment --- machine learning --- column-stabilized fish cage --- horizontal wave force --- least squares method --- hydrodynamic coefficient --- vertical breakwater --- reliability analysis --- overall stability --- sliding failure --- overturning failure --- bearing capacity analysis --- breakwater’s foundation failure --- rubble-mound --- zero-freeboard --- porous-media --- immersed-boundary --- level-set --- Smagorinsky subgrid scale model --- wave reflection --- wave transmission --- wave overtopping --- wave setup --- Nowshahr port --- field measurements --- numerical simulation --- wave --- current --- sediment transport --- rubble mound breakwaters --- historical review --- damage measurement --- damage characterization --- damage --- damage model --- damage progression --- input reduction --- wave schematization --- pick-up rate --- MIKE21 CM FM --- long-term morphological modelling --- numerical model --- OpenFOAM --- scour --- vertical breakwaters --- mortar-grouted riprap revetment --- full-scale hydraulic tests --- design of revetments --- Balearic Islands --- Boumerdès --- current speed --- harbor --- tsunami --- model uncertainty --- reliability --- pile settlement --- piles in granular soil --- base resistance --- skin friction --- t-z curves --- climate change --- coastal flooding --- coastal structures --- numerical modelling --- Boussinesq equations --- n/a --- breakwater's foundation failure --- Boumerdès

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This book is a collection of all papers published in the Special Issue “Coastal Vulnerability and Mitigation Strategies: From Monitoring to Applied Research”. The main focus is to provide the state-of-the-art and recent research updates on sustainable management strategies for protecting vulnerable coastal areas. Based on 28 contributions from authors representing 17 different countries (Australia, China, Ecuador, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, Mexico, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, UK, USA), an ensemble of interdisciplinary articles has been collected, emphasizing the importance of tackling technical and scientific problems at different scales and from different point of views.

brackish lagoon types --- benthic macrophytes --- salinity --- succession --- univariate variables --- Greece --- spectral analysis --- low frequency --- wave grouping --- eigen analysis --- eigenmode --- random waves --- combination waves --- wave extreme events --- Mediterranean Sea --- North Atlantic Spanish coasts --- Gulf of Mexico --- wave modeling --- small scale storm variations --- tsunami-like solitary waves --- horizontal cylinders --- hydrodynamic loads --- experimental tests --- Morison and transverse equations --- hydrodynamic coefficients --- climate change --- multiobjective optimization --- coastal region --- pumping plant --- flooding --- historical cartography --- shore protection structures history --- groins --- gently sloping revetment --- earthquake --- tsunami --- strategic retreat --- salinity intrusion --- MIKE modelling --- sea level rise --- Mekong Delta --- drag coefficients --- oscillatory flows --- force sensors --- synchronization --- automatic alignment --- coastal plan --- erosion, coastal flooding --- sediment budget --- mitigation strategies guidelines --- littoral cell --- wave hindcasting --- Abu Dhabi --- shallow waters --- Shore Protection Manual --- wave climate --- coastal defense --- risk maps --- non-engineering measure --- coastal vulnerability --- eco-defense --- coastal morphodynamics --- mangroves --- flood attenuation --- natural defense --- beach nourishment --- beach drainage system --- groundwater --- submerged breakwater --- cross-shore sediment transport --- coastal vulnerability index --- storm surges --- waves action --- Mediterranean coasts --- extreme events --- threshold values --- probability --- hydrometeorological conditions --- Baltic coast --- climate changes --- sea-level rise --- TELEMAC --- natural beach --- flooded area --- seaside impacts --- Mar Menor --- long-term GIS analysis --- marine infrastructures impact --- coastal urbanization impact --- coastal erosion --- shore protection --- coastal armouring --- 3S tourism --- beach economy --- aeolian processes --- onshore and offshore winds --- Southern Baltic coast --- beach resilience --- beach resistance --- temporary groin --- sea breezes --- resilience index --- GSb model --- Yucatan peninsula --- BERM-N --- sand nourishments --- Bayesian belief network --- JarKus data --- coastal state indicators --- dune foot --- momentary coastline --- Holland coast --- vegetation stiffness --- bending elastic modulus --- velocity distribution --- turbulence intensity --- wave dissipation --- marine inundation --- FORM --- reliability analysis --- Veneto coast --- natural hazards --- disasters --- coastal Andhra Pradesh --- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles --- energy flux --- storm classification --- stormy year --- Andalusia coast --- beach morphodynamics --- UAV flights --- beach surveys --- Reef Balls™ --- sand-filled geosystems --- wave numerical model --- directional wave spectra drifter (DWSD) --- ADCP --- GPS wave buoy --- triple collocation --- Bagnoli-Coroglio Bay --- arsenic --- hydrocarbons --- heavy metals contamination --- marine pollution --- multivariate analysis --- Bagnoli --- Naples --- coastal monitoring --- coastal morphodynamic --- coastal management --- coastal ecosystem