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This book reviews advances in cutting-edge micro-/nano-electrometers, and discusses the technological challenges involved in their practical implementation. The detection of electrostatic charge has a wide range of applications in ionization chambers, bio-analyte and aerosol particle instruments, mass spectrometers, scanning tunneling microscopes, and even quantum computers. Designing micro-/nano-electrometers (also known as charge sensors) for electrometry is considered vital because of the charge sensitivity and resolution issues at micro-/nano-scales. The remarkably dynamic microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs)/nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMSs), and advances in solid-state electronics, hold considerable potential for the design and fabrication of extremely sensitive charge sensors.

Electronic circuits. --- Nanotechnology. --- Circuits and Systems. --- Electronic Circuits and Devices. --- Nanotechnology and Microengineering. --- Electron-tube circuits --- Electric circuits --- Electron tubes --- Electronics --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology

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This book focuses on the implementation, evaluation and application of DNA/RNA-based genetic algorithms in connection with neural network modeling, fuzzy control, the Q-learning algorithm and CNN deep learning classifier. It presents several DNA/RNA-based genetic algorithms and their modifications, which are tested using benchmarks, as well as detailed information on the implementation steps and program code. In addition to single-objective optimization, here genetic algorithms are also used to solve multi-objective optimization for neural network modeling, fuzzy control, model predictive control and PID control. In closing, new topics such as Q-learning and CNN are introduced. The book offers a valuable reference guide for researchers and designers in system modeling and control, and for senior undergraduate and graduate students at colleges and universities. .

Computer mathematics. --- Control engineering. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computational Science and Engineering. --- Control and Systems Theory. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Control engineering --- Control equipment --- Control theory --- Engineering instruments --- Automation --- Programmable controllers --- Computer mathematics --- Mathematics --- Genetic algorithms. --- Molecular computers. --- Automatic control engineering. --- DNA-based computers --- DNA computers --- Biocomputers --- Natural computation --- GAs (Algorithms) --- Genetic searches (Algorithms) --- Algorithms --- Combinatorial optimization --- Evolutionary computation --- Genetic programming (Computer science) --- Learning classifier systems --- Computer science --- Automatic control. --- Mathematics.

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This book addresses up-to-date urban health issues from a systems perspective and provides an appealing integrated urban development strategy based on a 10-year global interdisciplinary research programme created by the International Council for Science (ICSU), and sponsored by the InterAcademy Partnership (IAP) and the United Nations University (UNU). The unique feature of this book is its “systems approach” to urban health and wellbeing: solution-oriented for science and society and not purely theoretical, it can be applied in the context of decision-making, and has the potential to unlock cities’ unused potential by promoting health and wellbeing. Furthermore, the inter- and transdisciplinary urban issues addressed in this book are examined from a cross-sectoral perspective – e.g. the transport sector is addressed in connection with air pollution, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and the loss of productivity. The interconnected thinking to urban health and wellbeing makes the book a particularly valuable resource. Decision makers in city administrations and civil society organizations from different geographical regions will find the book an informative and inspiring guide for delivering towards the goals of the New Urban Agenda, for which health can be the vital indicator of progress. Graduate students and researchers will be attracted by the case studies, systems methods and models provided in the book.

Environment. --- Public health. --- Regional planning. --- Urban planning. --- Environmental health. --- Environmental policy. --- Environmental Health. --- Environmental Policy. --- Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning. --- Public Health. --- Urban health. --- Well-being. --- Welfare (Personal well-being) --- Wellbeing --- City health --- Urban public health --- Urbanization --- Health aspects --- Quality of life --- Happiness --- Health --- Wealth --- Public health --- Environmental Medicine. --- Regional development --- Regional planning --- State planning --- Human settlements --- Land use --- Planning --- City planning --- Landscape protection --- Environment and state --- Environmental control --- Environmental management --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- State and environment --- Environmental auditing --- Government policy --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Cities and towns --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Slum clearance --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- Health ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Health risk assessment --- Management --- Environmental aspects --- Human geography. --- Human Geography. --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Human ecology