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This book presents recent efforts and new approaches to improve our understanding of the evolution of health and mortality in urban environments in the long run, looking at transformation and adaptations during the process of rapid population growth. In a world characterized by large and rapidly evolving urban environments, the past and present challenges cities face is one of the key topics in our society. Cities are a world of differences and, consequently, of inequalities. At the same time cities remain, above all, the spaces of interactions among a variety of social groups, the places where poor, middle-class, and wealthy people, as well as elites, have coexisted in harmony or tension. Urban areas also form specific epidemiological environments since they are characterized by population concentration and density, and a high variety of social spaces from wealthy neighborhoods to slums. Inversely and coherently, cities develop answers in terms of sanitary policies and health infrastructures. This balance between risk and protective factors is, however, not at all constant across time and space and is especially endangered in periods of massive demographic growth, particularly periods of urbanization mainly led by immigration flows that transform both the socioeconomic and demographic composition of urban populations and the morphological nature of urban environments. Therefore this book is an unique contribution in which present day and past socio-demographic and health challenges confronted by big urban environments are combined.

Social sciences. --- Public health. --- Urban geography. --- Demography. --- Social Sciences. --- Public Health. --- Urban Geography / Urbanism (inc. megacities, cities, towns). --- Historical demography --- Social sciences --- Population --- Vital statistics --- Geography --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Demography --- Social Sciences --- Public health --- Urban geography

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This open access book details tools and procedures for data collections of hard-to-reach, hard-to-survey populations. Inside, readers will discover first-hand insights from experts who share their successes as well as their failures in their attempts to identify and measure human vulnerabilities across the life course. Coverage first provides an introduction on studying vulnerabilities based on the Total Error Survey framework. Next, the authors present concrete examples on how to survey such populations as the elderly, migrants, widows and widowers, couples facing breast cancer, employees and job seekers, displaced workers, and teenagers during their transition to adulthood. In addition, one essay discusses the rationale for the use of life history calendars in studying social and psychological vulnerability while another records the difficulty the authors faced when trying to set-up an online social network to collect relevant data. Overall, this book demonstrates the importance to have, from the very beginning, a dialogue between specialists of survey methods and the researchers working on social dynamics across the life span. It will serve as an indispensable resource for social scientists interested in gathering and analyzing data on vulnerable individuals and populations in order to construct longitudinal data bases and properly target social policies.

Social sciences. --- Medical research. --- Sociology. --- Quality of life. --- Psychology --- Psychological measurement. --- Social Sciences. --- Sociology, general. --- Methodology of the Social Sciences. --- Psychological Methods/Evaluation. --- Quality of Life Research. --- Methodology. --- Measurement, Mental --- Measurement, Psychological --- Psychological measurement --- Psychological scaling --- Psychological statistics --- Psychometry (Psychophysics) --- Scaling, Psychological --- Life, Quality of --- Social theory --- Biomedical research --- Medical research --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Measurement --- Scaling --- Psychological tests --- Scaling (Social sciences) --- Economic history --- Human ecology --- Life --- Social history --- Basic needs --- Human comfort --- Social accounting --- Work-life balance --- Social sciences --- Civilization --- Methodology --- Psychological tests and testing. --- Quality of Life --- Research. --- Psychology—Methodology. --- Social surveys - Methodology --- Social sciences - Research --- Vulnerability (Personality trait) - Research --- Life cycle, Human - Research --- Personality - Research - Methodology --- Sociology --- Social surveys --- Vulnerability (Personality trait) --- Life cycle, Human --- Personality