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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent and serious complication for hospitalized patients. In spite of considerable improvement in treatments, the morbidity and mortality associated with acute kidney injury remains relatively high. The major reason being that, at the moment, we don’t know of any sensitive and specific markers of the renal function which would allow for an early diagnosis of acute kidney injury. At present, traditional biomarkers of the renal function (creatinine and urea) do not detect kidney injury early enough. In renal transplantation, the identification of adequate biomarkers of the renal function are indispensable to evaluate the quality of the transplant before the transplantation but also to minimize the risk of acute rejection and acute tubular necrosis during the post-operative period. Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) is an early biomarkers of acute kidney injury. This marker of tubular necrosis has been measured in the urine and in the blood of 54 patients before and at different time after a renal transplantation. Other biomarkers of the renal function (Cystatine C and β2-Microglobuline) have also been tested. The aim of the study is on the one hand to test the various biomarkers of “donor” patients according to their category (living or cadaveric donors’kidneys) and on the other hand to study these biomarkers for the “recipient” patients according to the events that occurred during the post-operative period. The preliminary results show that 13 patients developed an acute tubular necrosis (ATN) within the first 24 hours post-operation. The statistical tests show that the rates of urinary and blood NGAL were significantly higher for the patient’s who developed an ATN compared with those who didn’t. Furthermore, this difference between both groups is observed within 6 hours after the transplantation. L’atteinte rénale aiguë est une complication fréquente et sérieuse chez les patients hospitalisés. Malgré une amélioration considérable en matière de traitements, la morbidité et la mortalité associées à une atteinte rénale restent relativement élevées. La raison majeure vient du fait qu’on ne dispose pas, à l’heure actuelle, de marqueurs sensibles et spécifiques de la fonction rénale qui permettraient un diagnostic précoce de l’atteinte rénale aiguë. Actuellement les marqueurs principaux de la fonction rénale sont la créatinine et l’urée. Malheureusement ceux-ci ne détectent que tardivement des lésions rénales aiguës. Dans le domaine de la transplantation rénale, l’identification de biomarqueurs adéquats de la fonction rénale est devenue indispensable afin d’évaluer la qualité du greffon avant la transplantation mais également afin de minimiser le risque de rejet et de nécrose tubulaire aigu pendant la période postopératoire. La Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) est un marqueur précoce d’atteinte rénale aiguè. Ce marqueur de nécrose tubulaire a été dosé dans l’urine et dans le sang de 54 patients avant et à différents temps après une transplantation rénale. D’autres marqueurs alternatifs de la fonction rénale ont également été testés comme la cystatine C et la f32 Microglobuline. L’objectif de l’étude est d’une part de tester les différents biomarqueurs chez les patients «donneurs» en fonction de leur catégorie (donneurs vivants ou donneurs cadavériques) et d’autre part d’étudier ces biomarqueurs chez les patients «receveurs» en fonction des événements survenus durant la période postopératoire. Les résultats préliminaires montrent que 13 patients ont développé une nécrose tubulaire aigu (ATN) endéans les 24H postopératoires. Les tests statistiques ont démontré que les taux de NGAL urinaire et sanguin étaient significativement plus élevés chez les patients ayant développé une ATN comparés aux patients qui n’ont pas fait d’ATN. De plus, cette différence entre les deux groupes s’observe endéans les 6H post-transplantation

Acute Kidney Injury --- Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute --- Biological Markers

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This book gives a comprehensive review of the present status of research in this fast moving field by researchers actively contributing to the advances. After a short introduction and a brief review of the relation between carbon nanotubes, graphite and other forms of carbon, the synthesis techniques and growth mechanisms for carbon nanotubes are described. This is followed by reviews on nanotube electronic structure, electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, nanotube imaging and spectroscopy, and nanotube applications.

Carbon. --- Nanostructured materials. --- Tubes. --- Carbone --- Nanomatériaux --- Tubes --- Carbon --- Nanostructured materials --- Tubing --- Tubular goods --- Shells (Engineering) --- Nanomaterials --- Nanometer materials --- Nanophase materials --- Nanostructure controlled materials --- Nanostructure materials --- Ultra-fine microstructure materials --- Microstructure --- Nanotechnology --- Group 14 elements --- Light elements --- Nanotechnology. --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Materials science. --- Material science --- Physical sciences

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Locally symmetric spaces are generalizations of spaces of constant curvature. In this book the author presents the proof of a remarkable phenomenon, which he calls "strong rigidity": this is a stronger form of the deformation rigidity that has been investigated by Selberg, Calabi-Vesentini, Weil, Borel, and Raghunathan.The proof combines the theory of semi-simple Lie groups, discrete subgroups, the geometry of E. Cartan's symmetric Riemannian spaces, elements of ergodic theory, and the fundamental theorem of projective geometry as applied to Tit's geometries. In his proof the author introduces two new notions having independent interest: one is "pseudo-isometries"; the other is a notion of a quasi-conformal mapping over the division algebra K (K equals real, complex, quaternion, or Cayley numbers). The author attempts to make the account accessible to readers with diverse backgrounds, and the book contains capsule descriptions of the various theories that enter the proof.

Differential geometry. Global analysis --- Riemannian manifolds --- Symmetric spaces --- Rigidity (Geometry) --- 512 --- Lie groups --- Geometric rigidity --- Rigidity theorem --- Discrete geometry --- Spaces, Symmetric --- Geometry, Differential --- Manifolds, Riemannian --- Riemannian space --- Space, Riemannian --- Manifolds (Mathematics) --- Groups, Lie --- Lie algebras --- Topological groups --- Algebra --- Lie groups. --- Riemannian manifolds. --- Symmetric spaces. --- Rigidity (Geometry). --- 512 Algebra --- Addition. --- Adjoint representation. --- Affine space. --- Approximation. --- Automorphism. --- Axiom. --- Big O notation. --- Boundary value problem. --- Cohomology. --- Compact Riemann surface. --- Compact space. --- Conjecture. --- Constant curvature. --- Corollary. --- Counterexample. --- Covering group. --- Covering space. --- Curvature. --- Diameter. --- Diffeomorphism. --- Differentiable function. --- Dimension. --- Direct product. --- Division algebra. --- Ergodicity. --- Erlangen program. --- Existence theorem. --- Exponential function. --- Finitely generated group. --- Fundamental domain. --- Fundamental group. --- Geometry. --- Half-space (geometry). --- Hausdorff distance. --- Hermitian matrix. --- Homeomorphism. --- Homomorphism. --- Hyperplane. --- Identity matrix. --- Inner automorphism. --- Isometry group. --- Jordan algebra. --- Matrix multiplication. --- Metric space. --- Morphism. --- Möbius transformation. --- Normal subgroup. --- Normalizing constant. --- Partially ordered set. --- Permutation. --- Projective space. --- Riemann surface. --- Riemannian geometry. --- Sectional curvature. --- Self-adjoint. --- Set function. --- Smoothness. --- Stereographic projection. --- Subgroup. --- Subset. --- Summation. --- Symmetric space. --- Tangent space. --- Tangent vector. --- Theorem. --- Topology. --- Tubular neighborhood. --- Two-dimensional space. --- Unit sphere. --- Vector group. --- Weyl group. --- Riemann, Variétés de --- Lie, Groupes de --- Geometrie differentielle globale --- Varietes riemanniennes

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On Knots is a journey through the theory of knots, starting from the simplest combinatorial ideas--ideas arising from the representation of weaving patterns. From this beginning, topological invariants are constructed directly: first linking numbers, then the Conway polynomial and skein theory. This paves the way for later discussion of the recently discovered Jones and generalized polynomials. The central chapter, Chapter Six, is a miscellany of topics and recreations. Here the reader will find the quaternions and the belt trick, a devilish rope trick, Alhambra mosaics, Fibonacci trees, the topology of DNA, and the author's geometric interpretation of the generalized Jones Polynomial.Then come branched covering spaces, the Alexander polynomial, signature theorems, the work of Casson and Gordon on slice knots, and a chapter on knots and algebraic singularities.The book concludes with an appendix about generalized polynomials.

Knot theory --- Knots (Topology) --- Low-dimensional topology --- Knot theory. --- Algebraic topology --- 3-sphere. --- Addition theorem. --- Addition. --- Alexander polynomial. --- Algebraic variety. --- Algorithm. --- Ambient isotopy. --- Arf invariant. --- Basepoint. --- Bijection. --- Bilinear form. --- Borromean rings. --- Bracket polynomial. --- Braid group. --- Branched covering. --- Chiral knot. --- Chromatic polynomial. --- Cobordism. --- Codimension. --- Combination. --- Combinatorics. --- Complex analysis. --- Concentric. --- Conjecture. --- Connected sum. --- Conway polynomial (finite fields). --- Counting. --- Covering space. --- Cyclic group. --- Dense set. --- Determinant. --- Diagram (category theory). --- Diffeomorphism. --- Dimension. --- Disjoint union. --- Disk (mathematics). --- Dual graph. --- Elementary algebra. --- Embedding. --- Enumeration. --- Existential quantification. --- Exotic sphere. --- Fibration. --- Formal power series. --- Fundamental group. --- Geometric topology. --- Geometry and topology. --- Geometry. --- Group action. --- Homotopy. --- Integer. --- Intersection form (4-manifold). --- Isolated singularity. --- Jones polynomial. --- Knot complement. --- Knot group. --- Laws of Form. --- Lens space. --- Linking number. --- Manifold. --- Module (mathematics). --- Morwen Thistlethwaite. --- Normal bundle. --- Notation. --- Obstruction theory. --- Operator algebra. --- Pairing. --- Parity (mathematics). --- Partition function (mathematics). --- Planar graph. --- Point at infinity. --- Polynomial ring. --- Polynomial. --- Quantity. --- Rectangle. --- Reidemeister move. --- Remainder. --- Root of unity. --- Saddle point. --- Seifert surface. --- Singularity theory. --- Slice knot. --- Special case. --- Statistical mechanics. --- Substructure. --- Summation. --- Symmetry. --- Theorem. --- Three-dimensional space (mathematics). --- Topological space. --- Torus knot. --- Trefoil knot. --- Tubular neighborhood. --- Underpinning. --- Unknot. --- Variable (mathematics). --- Whitehead link. --- Wild knot. --- Writhe. --- Variétés topologiques --- Topologie combinatoire --- Theorie des noeuds