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Qu'est-ce que l'émergence ? L'idée soutenue par certains scientifiques selon laquelle des propriétés nouvelles apparaissent au cours du passage de la particule élémentaire aux galaxies et de l'amibe à l'Homme. Ainsi, le tout serait plus que la somme des parties. Un exemple : nos décisions conscientes changent le comportement des neurones dont elles procèdent, pourtant, justifiant par là notre liberté. Contre l'ancien idéal scientifique du réductionnisme, ce renouveau de l'émergence présage une révolution comparable à celle opérée par Galilée lorsqu'il substitua le point de vue copernicien à la vieille cosmologie ptoléméenne. Chaque jour d'un certain printemps, Sagredo, Simplicio et Salviata (les trois protagonistes du célèbre livre de Galilée, actualisés par Rémy Lestienne) parcourent les rues de Paris à la rencontre d'illustres scientifiques, tels James Clerk Maxwell, Charles Darwin ou Ilya Prigogine. Avec eux, ils disputent de la part prise par l'émergence dans leurs disciplines respectives. En les écoutant, on découvre les enjeux formidables dont cette nouvelle querelle est porteuse pour la science et la philosophie.

Émergence (philosophie)

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Both the special sciences and ordinary experience suggest that there are metaphysically emergent entities and features: macroscopic goings-on (including mountains, trees, humans, and sculptures, and their characteristic features) which depend on, yet are distinct from and distinctively efficacious with respect to, lower-level physical configurations and features. These appearances give rise to two key questions. First, what is metaphysical emergence, more precisely? Second, is there any metaphysical emergence, in principle and moreover in fact? Metaphysical Emergence provides clear and systematic answers to these questions. Wilson argues that there are two, and only two, forms of metaphysical emergence of the sort seemingly at issue in the target cases: 'Weak' emergence, whereby a dependent feature has a proper subset of the powers of the feature upon it depends, and 'Strong' emergence, whereby a dependent feature has a power not had by the feature upon which it depends. Weak emergence unifies and illuminates seemingly diverse accounts of non-reductive physicalism; Strong emergence does the same as regards seemingly diverse anti-physicalist views positing fundamental novelty at higher levels of compositional complexity. After defending the in-principle viability of each form of emergence, Wilson considers whether complex systems, ordinary objects, consciousness, and free will are actually metaphysically emergent. She argues that Weak emergence is quite common, and that there is Strong emergence in the important case of free will.

Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Emergence (Philosophy)

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Dans l'esprit contemporain, un principe d'émergence remplace les conceptions dualistes ou foncièrement discontinuistes : sur la possibilité générale de la vie et son évolution, sur le passage de l'évolution naturelle à une progression d'ordre historique. Continuité et discontinuité s'y chevauchent et s'y défient. Si l'ontologie en ce domaine n'a pas de donnée positive à avancer, sans elle, la possibilité de principe et le sens général d'un changement de régime ontologique restent à l'état d'impensé. Or ce qui se traduit là est la tension fondamentale entre l'être et, du côté de la vie comme de l'histoire, l'existence. Jean Louis CHÉDIN, avec cet ouvrage qui aborde notamment le rapport général entre l'évolution naturelle de la vie et la progression historique, complète les deux premiers volets d'une trilogie: Conscience et finitude (2010), La division ontologique (2016).

Emergence (Philosophy) --- Ontology

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Emergence develops a novel account of diachronic ontological emergence called transformational emergence and locates it in an established historical framework. The author shows how many problems affecting ontological emergence result from a dominant but inappropriate metaphysical tradition and provides a comprehensive assessment of current theories of emergence.

Emergence (Philosophy) --- Epistemology --- Metaphysics --- Ontology

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"This is a book about the multidisciplinary topic of emergence. Science, philosophy of science, and metaphysics have long been concerned with the question of how order, stability, and novelty are possible and how they happen. How can order come out of disorder? We provide a new account of emergence, contextual emergence, that attempts to answer these questions. Contextual emergence is grounded primarily in the sciences as opposed to logic or metaphysics. Contextual emergence is both an explanatory and ontological account of emergence that gets us beyond the impasse between "weak" and "strong" emergence in the emergence debates. Contextual emergence challenges the "foundationalist" or hierarchical picture of reality. Contextual emergence emphasizes the ontological and explanatory fundamentality of multiscale stability conditions and their contextual constraints, often operating globally over interconnected, interdependent, and interacting entities and their multiscale relations. Contextual emergence focuses on the conditions that make the existence, stability, and persistence of emergent systems and their states and observables possible. These conditions and constraints are irreducibly multiscale relations, so it is not surprising that scientific explanation is often multiscale. Such multiscale conditions act as gatekeepers for systems to access modal possibilities (e.g., reducing or enhancing a system's degrees of freedom). Using examples from across the sciences ranging from physics to biology to neuroscience and beyond, we demonstrate that there is an empirically well-grounded, viable alternative to ontological reductionism coupled with explanatory anti-reductionism (weak emergence) and ontological disunity coupled with the impossibility of robust scientific explanation (strong emergence). Central metaphysics of science concerns are also addressed"--

Cosmology --- Emergence (Philosophy) --- Evolution --- Metaphysics