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The legality principle characterizes all western legal systems, and it has become an integral part of the Western rule of law and the international human rights law. The principle dates back to enlightened jurists such as Cesare Beccaria and to social contract thinkers such as Charles de Secondat de Montesquieu, according to whom judges were to act only as the mouthpiece of the statutory law. Paul Johann Anselm von Feuerbach, the inventor of the famous maxim nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege, developed these thoughts further. The emergence of the legality principle links closely to the teachings on the division of powers. The studies of this volume cover most of Europe from England, Italy and Spain to Sweden, Russia and England, and both the South and North American continents. In most parts of Europe, the nineteenth-century criminal law reforms form an integral part of the ›liberal‹ agenda. These changes took place, however, at different times in different parts of the Western world, and for slightly different reasons. Comparative legal history shows, furthermore, that the roots of the principle date much further back in history than the eighteenth century. Before the formulation of the legality principle, written statutes already played a significant role in the criminal law in many parts of the Western world. The articles of the volume, written by the foremost experts on comparative legal history, demonstrate that the attitudes and practices toward written statutes as sources of criminal law varied greatly from one region to another. In most parts of the European continent judicial arbitration was carefully defined in legal scholarship (Italy, France), whereas in some regions written law played an important role from early on (Sweden). Although the nineteenth century was fundamental in shaping the legality principle, in some countries its breakthrough remained even then far from complete (Russia, the United States).

Pouvoir discrétionnaire des juges --- Légalité --- Législation --- Droit pénal --- Criminal procedure --- Criminal law --- Histoire --- History --- Légalité. --- Pouvoir discrétionnaire des juges --- Légalité. --- Législation --- Droit pénal

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Administration publique --- Contrôle juridictionnel de l'administration --- Pouvoir discrétionnaire (droit administratif) --- Prise de décision --- Administrative law --- France --- Contrôle juridictionnel de l'administration --- Pouvoir discrétionnaire (droit administratif) --- Prise de décision

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Les juges ne sont que des êtres humains, sujets aux passions, aux erreurs, aux injustices, aux sautes d'humeur... de sorte qu'on ne peut pas s'en remettre à leur seule conscience pour rendre la justice : quelle que soit l'époque, on insiste sur les limites qui doivent être apportées à leur liberté dans l'intérêt même des justiciables, en particulier sur le respect de la loi. Le débat entre le strict respect de la loi et l'usage de l'équité, c'est-à-dire entre droit et conscience, traverse les siècles : l'équilibre est difficile à trouver, mais au total, même si la soumission du juge à la loi est une vision traditionnellement reçue, cette conception s'accompagne de théories du processus d'interprétation de la même loi par la conscience du juge. Les trois termes qui forment le titre de ce livre invitent donc à étudier la conscience dans ses rapports avec le droit et avec la justice. L'ouvrage aborde ce débat sur une longue durée, du XIIIe au XVIIIe siècle, en abordant quatre thèmes successifs : la controverse sur le droit et l'équité ; les juges et la conscience ; le prince, la loi et la justice ; normes juridiques, normes morales. Il le fait dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire : histoire, histoire du droit, littérature, philosophie...

Justice, Administration of --- History. --- Justice --- Pouvoir discrétionnaire des juges --- Administration --- Aspect moral --- Histoire --- Judicial discretion --- Discretion, Judicial --- Discretion (Law) --- Discretion of court --- Administrative discretion --- Judges --- Law --- Interpretation and construction --- Aspect moral. --- Histoire. --- History --- Justice, Administration of - France - History. --- Pouvoir discrétionnaire des juges

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Administrative discretion --- Jurisdiction (International law) --- Competent authority --- Chicanery (Law) --- Pouvoir discrétionnaire (Administration) --- Juridiction (Droit international) --- Compétence (Droit international) --- Abus de droit --- International law --- Administrative discretion. --- Discretion, Administrative --- Discretion (Law) --- Administrative law --- Dispensations (Law) --- Judicial discretion --- Rule of law --- Domestic jurisdiction --- International jurisdiction --- Jurisdiction, Domestic --- Jurisdiction, International --- Arbitration (International law) --- International courts --- Law and legislation --- Pouvoir discrétionnaire (Administration) --- Compétence (Droit international) --- DROIT INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC --- SOUVERAINETE DE L'ETAT --- COMPETENCES DE L'ETAT --- RESTRICTIONS DES COMPETENCES DE L'ETAT

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Criminal justice, Administration of --- -Administration of criminal justice --- Justice, Administration of --- Crime --- Criminal law --- Criminals --- Law and legislation --- Judicial discretion --- Parole --- Police discretion --- Probation --- Sentences (Criminal procedure) --- Sentencing --- Correctional law --- Criminal procedure --- Judgments, Criminal --- Punishment --- Suspended sentence --- Alternatives to imprisonment --- Ticket of leave --- Administration of criminal justice --- Decision making --- Criminal law. Criminal procedure --- Decision making. --- Pouvoir discrétionnaire de la police --- Criminal justice, Administration of - United States - Decision making. --- Police discretion - United States. --- Judicial discretion - United States. --- Sentences (Criminal procedure) - United States - Decision making. --- Probation - United States - Decision making. --- Parole - United States - Decision making.