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This book investigates semi-modal NEED TO and its semantic variation in Present-day British English. This topic is particularly relevant today, since the use of semi-modals, such as NEED TO, has increased in the field of obligation and necessity, while the frequencies of core modals, such as MUST and NEED, have decreased. The link of modal change with the process of democratization, and the way the semi-modals offer a less authoritarian way of obliging, present an interesting background for a corpus-based sociolinguistic study. The primary data, drawn from mainly spoken corpora from the 1950s to the 1990s, enables the exploration of NEED TO across variables such as real time, medium, the speaker variables of age, gender and social class, and a number of spoken registers. The results of the five studies in this volume indicate that the functions of NEED TO resemble more and more those of core modals : particularly the directive obligation uses are on the rise. Moreover, NEED TO shows clear social stratification. A finding that stands out is that register variation plays a decisive role. In fact, NEED TO has found a niche in the face-to-face conversations where it is necessary to negotiate power and also to oblige the addressee in the least face-threatening manner.

Anglais (langue) --- Auxiliaires (linguistique)

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Histoire --- Méthodologie --- Sciences auxiliaires --- Sciences auxiliaires de l'histoire --- Auxiliary sciences of history

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Historiography --- Historiographie --- Historiography. --- Historical criticism --- History --- Authorship --- Criticism --- 910 --- historiographie --- geschiedenis hulpwetenschappen --- histoire sciences auxiliaires

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Depuis longtemps, les historiens utilisent un vocabulaire qui leur est propre notamment à travers l’usage de techniques dites auxiliaires (Diplomatique, Paléographie…). Mais les réflexions sur la discipline et la confrontation aujourd’hui indispensable avec les autres sciences humaines les conduisent à se référer à un ensemble de méthodes et de concepts qui n’ont pas d’interprétation univoque (Biographie, Culture, Échelle…). Si la discipline semble éclatée, sa diversité en fait aussi tout l’intérêt : c’est pourquoi ce lexique présente les courants les plus novateurs (Histoire du genre, Socio-histoire…) comme les plus établis (Histoire des concepts, Histoire des représentations…). Les Mots de l’historien font également le point sur des termes généraux qui, au-delà de l’histoire, posent la question du rapport, souvent délicat, d’une société avec son passé (Archives, Mémoire, Négationnisme…).

History as a science --- History --- Histoire --- Dictionaries --- French --- Dictionnaires français --- French. --- HISTOIRE --- HISTORIOGRAPHIE --- SCIENCES AUXILIAIRES DE L'HISTOIRE --- DICTIONNAIRES

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History as a science --- Historiography --- Historical criticism --- History --- Authorship --- Criticism --- Historiography. --- Histoire. Philosophie. --- Geschiedenis. Filosofie. --- History & Archaeology --- History - General --- 910 --- historiographie --- geschiedenis hulpwetenschappen --- histoire sciences auxiliaires