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Principals (Criminal law) --- Accomplices.

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This book examines the responsibility of States and international organizations for complicity (aid or assistance) in an internationally wrongful act.Despite the recognition of responsibility for complicity as a rule of customary international law by the International Court of Justice, this book argues that the effectiveness and utility of this form of responsibility is fraught with systemic and operational limits. These limits include a lack of clarity in its constituent elements, its co-existence with primary rules prohibiting complicity and the obligations of due diligence, its implementation and the underlying causal tests, its uncertain relationship to other forms of shared and indirect responsibility, and its potential as a form of attribution of conduct.This book submits that the content and elements of this form of responsibility need adjustments to respond more effectively to the phenomenon of complicity in international affairs.

Government liability (International law) --- International criminal law --- Accomplices --- International criminal law. --- Accomplices. --- Government liability (International law).

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The author proposes doctrines of perpetration and secondary responsibility that reflect the role and function of high level participants in mass atrocity while situating them within the political and social climate which renders these crimes possible.

Criminal liability (International law) --- Principals (Criminal law) --- Accomplices --- International criminal law --- Accomplices.. --- Criminal liability (International law). --- International criminal law. --- Principals (Criminal law). --- Accomplices. --- Criminal law, International --- ICL (International criminal law) --- Criminal law --- International law --- Criminal jurisdiction --- International crimes --- Abettors --- Accessories (Criminal law) --- Principal and accessory

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The roots of organized crime penetrate deep into the normal operations of society, its economic and financial patterns, sometimes also its bureaucracy and ideological apparatuses. Drug trafficking, traffic in persons or terrorist networks could not exist if they did not engage large groups of people and routine patterns of social and economic behaviour. Often the “indirect” actors remain hidden, however, and beyond the reach of the arm of the law. In an analogical way, “terrorism” emerges from and is sustained by a wide network of ideological, economic, financial and other actors and activities. Marja Lehto maps in this work the way in which international legal regulation, particularly the new conventions adopted within the UN after 1996 ,have sought to extend international responsibility beyond the groups of immediate perpetrators, to the sources or incitation, recruitment, and financing of terrorist activities.She also deals with some of the thorniest questions in the field along the way – from the significance and difficulties in the of efforts to define “terrorism” to the need for a “general part” of international criminal law, and the role of a political organ – the United Nations Security Council – in preventing and punishing the crime of terrorism..This carefully crafted, insightful and hugely relevant study not only fulfils a gap in the existing literature but does so with analytical precision, bearing simultaneously in mind the important political and theoretical, even philosophical implications of this contentious topic. “Few topics have generated more international law writing in recent years, both scholarly and polemical, than terrorism. […] So it is a genuinely welcome surprise when someone brings out a study that has a fresh angle on the topic, and all the more so if the writer not only fulfils what appears like an obvious gap in existing literature but does that with analytical precision, bearing simultaneously in mind the important political and theoretical, even philosophical implications of this contentious topic. This is what Marja Lehto does in this carefully crafted, insightful and hugely relevant study of what she suggests we call ‘indirect responsibility’ for terrorist acts.” Martti Koskenniemi , Academy Professor (University of Helsinki)

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Criminal law. Criminal procedure --- Tort and negligence --- France --- Master and servant --- Criminal liability --- Respondeat superior --- Employeur et employé (Droit) --- Responsabilité pénale --- Employeur et employé (Droit) --- Responsabilité pénale --- Tort liability of employers --- Vicarious liability --- Accomplices --- Agency (Law) --- Duress (Law) --- Liability (Law) --- Torts --- Respondeat superior - France --- Droit social --- Contrat de travail --- Responsabilité professionnelle