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This volume is a sustained exercise in the genre of secondary literature which aims at explaining a literary work as much as possible in and through the author's own words. A crucial passage in direct speech by different speakers from the History of Herodotus, the earliest long Greek prose text, has been made the object of a systematic effort to distill and analyse the linguistic characteristics relevant to its interpretation, by confronting it with the rest of the work as well as with earlier and contemporary writings. This is done with the primary aim of placing the interpretation of a major author on the firmest ground available, the author's inches per secondissimi verba . The result, made accessible by full indexes, will prove helpful to readers of any part of Herodotus' History .

Guerre dans la littérature --- Oorlog in de literatuur --- Parole (Linguistique) dans la littérature --- Speech in literature --- Spraak in de literatuur --- War in literature --- Speeches, addresses, etc., Greek --- Discours grecs --- Parole dans la littérature --- History and criticism --- Histoire et critique --- Herodotus --- Herodotus. --- Literary style. --- Greece --- Grèce --- History --- Histoire --- Speech in literature. --- War in literature. --- History and criticism. --- -War in literature --- Greek orations --- Greek speeches --- -Herodot --- Gerodot --- Hērodotos --- Erodoto --- Hérodote --- Heródoto --- הירודוטוס --- הרודוט --- הרודוטוס --- هردوت --- هيرودوت --- Ἡρόδοτος --- Literary style --- -Literature and the war. --- -Literary style --- Hérodote --- Herodotos --- Parole dans la littérature --- Guerre dans la littérature --- Grèce --- Herodot --- Griechenland --- Hellas --- Yaṿan --- Vasileion tēs Hellados --- Hellēnikē Dēmokratia --- République hellénique --- Royaume de Grèce --- Kingdom of Greece --- Hellenic Republic --- Ancient Greece --- Ελλάδα --- Ellada --- Ελλάς --- Ellas --- Ελληνική Δημοκρατία --- Ellēnikē Dēmokratia --- Elliniki Dimokratia --- Grecia --- Grčija --- Hellada --- اليونان --- يونان --- al-Yūnān --- Yūnān --- 希腊 --- Xila --- Греция --- Gret︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Literature and the wars. --- Speeches, addresses, etc. [Greek ] --- Herodotus - Literary style. --- Herodotus. - History. - Book 7. --- Greece - History - Persian Wars, 500-449 B.C. - Literature and the wars. --- Herodotus van Halicarnassus --- Speeches, addresses, etc., Greek. --- Literature --- Style, Literary --- Language and languages --- Rhetoric --- Style --- Persian Wars (Greece : 500-449 B.C.) --- History (Herodotus) --- Hērodotou historiai (Herodotus) --- Historiai (Herodotus) --- Historiae (Herodotus) --- Mousai (Herodotus) --- Herodotus (Herodotus) --- Histories (Herodotus) --- Musae (Herodotus) --- Hērodotou Halikarnēssēos Historiōn logoi ennea (Herodotus) --- Historiōn logoi ennea (Herodotus) --- 500-449 B.C. --- Greece. --- Gret͡sii͡ --- Speeches, addresses, etc., Greek - History and criticism.

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Protagoras of Abdera, Socrates’ older contemporary, is regarded as one of the most prominent representatives of the so-called sophistic movement. Instead of simply accepting the biased reports given by Plato and Aristotle about this sophist, the contributors to this volume review the complicated doxographical situation and make a case for Protagoras as a philosopher in his own right. Two major themes of this volume are Protagoras’ relativism and his case for a moral and political ideal, both of which are contrasted with the metaphysical idealism of his future opponents in the Academy and the mundane conventionalism typically associated with the sophists. It turns out that rather than a parasitic force of intellectual subversion, Protagoras may have been a prolific and original thinker aiming at a coherent and comprehensive view of man’s place in the world.

Sophists (Greek philosophy) --- Sophistes grecs --- Protagoras. --- Protagoras --- Sophists (Greek philosophy). --- Philosophy, Ancient --- بروتاجوراس --- Πρωταγόρας --- PHILOSOPHY / History & Surveys / Ancient & Classical

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Aristotle's account of place, in which he defined a thing's place as the inner surface of its nearest immobile container, was supported by the Latin Middle Ages, even 1600 years after his death, though it had not convinced many ancient Greek philosophers. The sixth century commentator Philoponus took a more common-sense view. For him, place was an immobile three-dimensional extension, whose essence did not preclude its being empty, even if for other reasons it had always to be filled with body. However, Philoponus reserved his own definition for an excursus, already translated in this series, The Corollary on Place. In the text translated here he wanted instead to explain Aristotle's view to elementary students. The recent conjecture that he wished to attract young fellow Christians away from the official pagan professor of philosophy in Alexandria has the merit of explaining why he expounds Aristotle here, rather than attacking him. But he still puts the students through their paces, for example when discussing Aristotle's claim that place cannot be a body, or two bodies would coincide. Philoponus has been identified as the founder in dynamics of the theory of impetus, an inner force impressed from without, which, in its later recurrence, has been hailed as a scientific revolution. His commentary is translated here without the previously translated excursus, the Corollary on Void, also available in this series. Philoponus rejects Aristotle's attack on the very idea of void and of the possibility of motion in it, even though he thinks that void never occurs in fact. Philoponus' argument was later to be praised by Galileo. Philoponus' commentary on the last part of Aristotle's Physics Book 4 does not offer major alternatives to Aristotle's science, as did his commentary on the earlier parts, concerning place, vacuum and motion in a vacuum. Aristotle's subject here is time, and his treatment of it had led to controversy in earlier writers. Philoponus does offer novelties when he treats motion round a bend as in one sense faster than motion on the straight over the same distance in the same time, because of the need to consider the greater effort involved. And he points out that in an earlier commentary on Book 8 he had argued against Aristotle for the possibility of a last instant of time.

Physics --- Philosophy. --- Aristotle. --- Aristoteles. --- Science, Ancient --- Time --- Sciences anciennes --- Physique --- Temps --- Early works to 1800. --- Ouvrages avant 1800 --- Philosophy of nature --- Aristotle --- Physics. --- Aristoteles; Physikē akroasis 4, 10-14. --- Philoponus, John, --- In Aristotelis Physicorum commentaria (Philoponus, John). --- Physics (Aristotle). --- Metaphysics --- Métaphysique --- Early works to 1800 --- Physics - Early works to 1800 --- Philosophy of nature - Early works to 1800 --- Aristotle. - Physics --- Philosophie. --- Aristote --- Philosophy --- Aristotle. Physics. --- Philosophy of nature.