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Patriotic Ayatollahs explores the contributions of senior clerics in state and nation-building after the 2003 Iraq war. Caroleen Sayej suggests that the four so-called Grand Ayatollahs, the highest-ranking clerics of Iraqi Shiism, took on a new and unexpected political role after the fall of Saddam Hussein. Drawing on previously unexamined Arabic-language fatwas, speeches, and communiqués of Iraq's four grand ayatollahs, this book analyzes how their new pronouncements and narratives shaped public debates after 2003. Sayej argues that, contrary to standard narratives about religious actors, the Grand Ayatollahs were among the most progressive voices in the new Iraqi nation. She traces the transformative position of Ayatollah Sistani as the "guardian of democracy" after 2003. Sistani was, in particular, instrumental in derailing American plans that would have excluded Iraqis from the state-building process-a remarkable story in which an octogenarian cleric takes on the United States over the meaning of democracy. Patriotic Ayatollahs' counter-conventional argument about the ayatollahs' vision of a nonsectarian nation is neatly realized. Through her deep knowledge and long-term engagement with Iraqi politics, Sayej advances our understanding of how the post-Saddam Iraqi nation was built.

Political sociology --- Politics --- Ulama --- Islam and politics --- Nationalism --- Political activity --- History --- Iraq --- Politics and government

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History --- Islam --- Iran --- Islam and state. --- Ulama --- History. --- -Islam and state --- -Islam --- -Mohammedanism --- Muhammadanism --- Muslimism --- Mussulmanism --- Religions --- Muslims --- Ulema --- Muslim scholars --- Mosque and state --- State and Islam --- State, The --- Ummah (Islam) --- Functionaries --- -History --- Islam and state --- Islam - History. --- Ulama - History. --- Islam - Iran - History.

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Islam and politics --- Ulama --- Ulema --- Islam --- Muslim scholars --- Functionaries --- Iran --- Politics and government --- Sociology of religion --- anno 1920-1929 --- anno 1930-1939 --- anno 1940-1949 --- anno 1950-1959 --- anno 1960-1969 --- anno 1970-1979

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The Arab revolutions of 2011 were a transformative moment in the modern history of the Middle East, as people rose up against long-standing autocrats throughout the region to call for 'bread, freedom and dignity'. With the passage of time, results have been decidedly mixed, with tentative success stories like Tunisia contrasting with the emergence of even more repressive dictatorships in places like Egypt, with the backing of several Gulf states. Focusing primarily on Egypt, this book considers a relatively understudied dimension of these revolutions: the role of prominent religious scholars. While pro-revolutionary ulama have justified activism against authoritarian regimes, counter-revolutionary scholars have provided religious backing for repression, and in some cases the mass murder of unarmed protestors. Usaama al-Azami traces the public engagements and religious pronouncements of several prominent ulama in the region, including Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Ali Gomaa and Abdullah bin Bayyah, to explore their role in either championing the Arab revolutions or supporting their repression. He concludes that while a minority of noted scholars have enthusiastically endorsed the counter-revolutions, their approach is attributable less to premodern theology and more to their distinctly modern commitment to the authoritarian state.

Arab Spring, 2010 --- -Revolutions --- Ulama --- Ulema --- Islam --- Muslim scholars --- Insurrections --- Rebellions --- Revolts --- Revolutionary wars --- History --- Political science --- Political violence --- War --- Government, Resistance to --- Arab Awakening, 2010 --- -Religious aspects --- Political activity --- Functionaries --- Social change --- Sociology of religion --- Community organization --- Political systems --- anno 2010-2019 --- Middle East --- Arab states --- Religious aspects

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The Shi'is of Iraq provides a comprehensive history of Iraq's majority group and its turbulent relations with the ruling Sunni minority. Yitzhak Nakash challenges the widely held belief that Shi'i society and politics in Iraq are a reflection of Iranian Shi'ism, pointing to the strong Arab attributes of Iraqi Shi'ism. He contends that behind the power struggle in Iraq between Arab Sunnis and Shi'is there exist two sectarian groups that are quite similar. The tension fueling the sectarian problem between Sunnis and Shi'is is political rather than ethnic or cultural, and it reflects the competition of the two groups over the right to rule and to define the meaning of nationalism in Iraq. A new introduction brings this book into the new century and illuminates the role that Shi`is could play in postwar Iraq.

Shiites --- Shīʻah --- Chiites --- Chiisme --- History. --- History --- Political activity. --- Histoire --- Activité politique --- Iraq --- Irak --- Religious life and customs. --- Vie religieuse --- Sociology of religion --- Islam --- National movements --- anno 1900-1999 --- Shiah --- Shiites. --- Shīʻah. --- Schiiten --- Sjiʻisme. --- Iraq. --- Irak. --- Shia Muslims --- Shiah Muslims --- Shiahs --- Shias --- Shiite Muslims --- Muslims --- Imamites --- Shia --- Shiism --- Twelvers (Islam) --- Islamic sects --- Alids --- Schia --- Ahl aš-šīʿa --- Shiʻa --- Schiʻism --- Republik Irak --- Irāq --- ʿIrāq --- al-Gumhūrīya-Irāqīya --- <> Ǧumhūrīya al-ʿIrāqīya --- Komarī ʿĪrāq --- Iraqi Republic --- Ǧumhūrīyat al-ʿIrāq --- Republic of Iraq --- Bilād al-Rāfidayn --- Iraker --- Bilād al-Rāfidayn --- Bilād --- Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah --- Rāfidayn, Bilād --- Ahl aš-šīʿa --- Shīʻah --- Shiites - Iraq - History. --- Shiah - Iraq. --- 'Adud al-Dawla. --- Abdul-Muttalib. --- Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani. --- Abu al-Qasim. --- Ahl al-Bayt. --- Ahmad Kasravi. --- Al-Amin. --- Al-Dawla. --- Al-Ghadir. --- Al-Hadi. --- Al-Hayat. --- Al-Hilli. --- Al-Mahdi. --- Al-Mu'tamid. --- Al-Mulk. --- Al-Nasir. --- Al-Qaeda. --- Al-Qassab. --- Al-Shahrastani. --- Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid. --- Al-Tusi. --- Ali Al-Wardi. --- Ali al-Ridha. --- Amin al-Husseini. --- Anglo-Iraqi Treaty. --- Bani Malik (tribe). --- Bektashi Order. --- Caliphate. --- Emir. --- Fakhr al-Din. --- Hafez. --- Hajji. --- Hamid Algar. --- Hashim. --- Hikmat Sulayman. --- Husayn ibn Ali. --- Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca. --- Hussein. --- Ibn Babawayh. --- Insurgency. --- Iranian Revolution. --- Iraqi Army. --- Iraqi Communist Party. --- Iraqi nationalism. --- Iraqis in Iran. --- Iraqis. --- Islam in Iraq. --- Islam. --- Islamic party. --- Ja'far al-Sadiq. --- Ja'far. --- Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani. --- Karbala. --- King of Syria. --- Kurdistan. --- Kurds in Iraq. --- Kuwait. --- Muawiyah I. --- Muhammad Baqir Majlisi. --- Muhammad al-Mahdi. --- Muhammad. --- Muhsin al-Hakim. --- Mujahideen. --- Murad III. --- Musa al-Kadhim. --- Naqib al-ashraf. --- Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. --- Nizam al-Mulk. --- Politique. --- Puritans. --- Qizilbash. --- Quraysh. --- Radicalism (historical). --- Revolution of 1905. --- Reza Shah. --- Roy Mottahedeh. --- Ruhollah Khomeini. --- Saddam Hussein. --- Sanctions against Iraq. --- Sati' al-Husri. --- Saud of Saudi Arabia. --- Sayyid. --- Sharaf al-Din. --- Sharia. --- Sharif of Mecca. --- Sheikh. --- Shia Islam. --- Sunni Islam. --- Syed Ahmad Khan. --- Tarif Khalidi. --- Tatbir. --- The Iraqis (party). --- Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad. --- Ulama. --- Umayyad Caliphate. --- Usuli. --- Uthman. --- Wahhabism. --- Yasin al-Hashimi.