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Railway traffic --- Railroads --- Chemins de fer --- Signaling --- -Iron horses (Railroads) --- Lines, Railroad --- Rail industry --- Rail lines --- Rail transportation --- Railroad industry --- Railroad lines --- Railroad transportation --- Railway industry --- Railways --- Communication and traffic --- Concessions --- Public utilities --- Transportation --- Trusts, Industrial --- -Signaling --- Iron horses (Railroads) --- Railroads - European Union countries - Signaling

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Complex adaptive systems (cas), including ecosystems, governments, biological cells, and markets, are characterized by intricate hierarchical arrangements of boundaries and signals. In ecosystems, for example, niches act as semi-permeable boundaries, and smells and visual patterns serve as signals; governments have departmental hierarchies with memoranda acting as signals; and so it is with other cas. Despite a wealth of data and descriptions concerning different cas, there remain many unanswered questions about "steering" these systems. In Signals and Boundaries, John Holland argues that understanding the origin of the intricate signal/border hierarchies of these systems is the key to answering such questions. He develops an overarching framework for comparing and steering cas through the mechanisms that generate their signal/boundary hierarchies. Holland lays out a path for developing the framework that emphasizes agents, niches, theory, and mathematical models. He discusses, among other topics, theory construction; signal-processing agents; networks as representations of signal/boundary interaction; adaptation; recombination and reproduction; the use of tagged urn models (adapted from elementary probability theory) to represent boundary hierarchies; finitely generated systems as a way to tie the models examined into a single framework; the framework itself, illustrated by a simple finitely generated version of the development of a multi-celled organism; and Markov processes.

Animal physiology. Animal biophysics --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- Adaptive control systems. --- Adaptation (Biology) --- Signals and signaling --- Coastal signals --- Military signaling --- Naval signaling --- Communication --- Communications, Military --- Marine service --- Naval art and science --- Navigation --- Signs and symbols --- Flags --- Environment --- Biology --- Self-organizing systems --- Variation (Biology) --- Biological fitness --- Genetics --- Self-adaptive control systems --- Artificial intelligence --- Feedback control systems --- Mathematical models. --- COGNITIVE SCIENCES/General --- COMPUTER SCIENCE/General --- Adaptive control systems --- Mathematical models --- Environmental adaptation --- Adaptation, Environmental

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Emblems, National --- Flags --- Italians --- Nationalism --- Patriotism --- #KVHA:Geschiedenis; Italie --- #KVHA:Italie --- #KVHA:Politiek; Italie --- Loyalty --- Allegiance --- Colors (Flags) --- Ensigns --- Heraldry --- Signals and signaling --- Standards, Military --- National emblems --- Insignia --- Seals (Numismatics) --- History --- Ethnic identity --- History of civilization --- anno 1800-1999 --- Italy

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Information systems --- Railway traffic --- certificatie --- European Union --- Railroads --- Chemins de fer --- Congestion pricing --- Traffic congestion --- Péages de congestion --- Embouteillages (Circulation) --- Digital communications --- Computer network architectures --- Mobile communication systems --- Signaling --- Safety measures --- Standards --- Automatic train control --- Planning --- -Digital communications --- -Mobile communication systems --- -Railroads --- -Iron horses (Railroads) --- Lines, Railroad --- Rail industry --- Rail lines --- Rail transportation --- Railroad industry --- Railroad lines --- Railroad transportation --- Railway industry --- Railways --- Communication and traffic --- Concessions --- Public utilities --- Transportation --- Trusts, Industrial --- Vehicles --- Vehicular communication systems --- Radio --- Wireless communication systems --- Communications, Digital --- Digital transmission --- Pulse communication --- Digital electronics --- Pulse techniques (Electronics) --- Telecommunication --- Digital media --- Signal processing --- Architectures, Computer network --- Network architectures, Computer --- Computer architecture --- -Planning --- -Safety measures --- Communication systems --- Digital techniques --- Safety measures. --- -Safety measures. --- -Architectures, Computer network --- Iron horses (Railroads) --- Péages de congestion --- Automatic train control&delete& --- Railroads - Europe - Signaling - Safety measures --- Digital communications - Standards --- Computer network architectures - Safety measures --- Mobile communication systems - European Union countries --- Railroads - Europe - Automatic train control - Planning

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Transport engineering --- Road traffic --- European Union --- Roads --- Traffic signs and signals --- Routes --- Signalisation routière --- Bituminous materials --- Matériaux bitumeux --- Road markings --- Safety measures --- -Roads --- -Traffic signs and signals --- -Road signs --- Roadside traffic signs --- Traffic control devices --- Traffic signaling --- Transportation, Automotive --- Highway communications --- Signs and signboards --- Transportation markings --- Highways --- Roadways --- Thoroughfares --- Transportation --- Highway engineering --- Pavements --- Pavement markings --- Signs --- Traffic signs --- Traffic control --- Accessories --- -Safety measures --- Signalisation routière --- Matériaux bitumeux --- Road signs --- Road markings - European Union countries --- Roads - European Union countries - Safety measures --- Traffic signs and signals - European Union countries