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This study examines the financial reforms undertaken by nine Asian countries in the 1980s (Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand) and their implications for money demand and monetary policy.

Money. Monetary policy --- Asia --- Monetary policy --- 336.74 <5> --- -Monetary policy --- -339.7 --- 336.745 --- (5) --- $?$91/10 --- ASI / Asia - Azië - Asie --- 333.139.2 --- 333.110 --- 333.825 --- 333.820 --- 333.403 --- 332.495 --- 330.05 --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector.--Azië --- Bankcontrole en -reglementering. Reglementering van het bankberoep. --- Centrale banken en parastatale kredietinstellingen: algemeen. Overheidsbemoeiïng inzake organisatie en verdeling van het krediet. --- Deviezenpolitiek. Interventies. --- Geldbeleid, bankbeleid en kredietbeleid: algemeenheden. --- Monetaire theorieën. Kwantitatieve theorie. Theorie van de incasso's. Optiek van de uitgaven en inkomens. --- Working papers --- 336.74 <5> Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector.--Azië --- 339.7 --- Centrale banken en parastatale kredietinstellingen: algemeen. Overheidsbemoeiïng inzake organisatie en verdeling van het krediet --- Bankcontrole en -reglementering. Reglementering van het bankberoep --- Monetaire theorieën. Kwantitatieve theorie. Theorie van de incasso's. Optiek van de uitgaven en inkomens --- Geldbeleid, bankbeleid en kredietbeleid: algemeenheden --- Deviezenpolitiek. Interventies --- Monetary policy - Asia, Southeastern --- Monetary policy - Asia --- Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Demand for Money --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Monetary Policy --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Monetary economics --- Banking --- Finance --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Monetary base --- Demand for money --- Open market operations --- Personal income --- Monetary policy instruments --- Money --- Central banks --- National accounts --- Monetary aggregates --- Income --- Sri Lanka

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By reviewing the experiences of Latin American countries with the restructuring of their financial sectors since 1982, this paper derives lessons regarding the most effective ways to deal with banking difficulties in developing countries. It then discusses whether these lessons have been put into practice during the latest crisis. A sample of five countries - Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru - is used for this purpose.

Private finance --- Latin America --- Finance --- Banks and banking --- 336.71 <8> --- -Finance --- -finances --- banques --- marches financiers --- amerique latine --- LAM / Latin America - Latijns Amerika - Amérique Latine --- 333.130.1 --- 333.101 --- 339.115 --- 331.160 --- 333.480 --- 330.05 --- 332.1098 --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- Currency question --- Agricultural banks --- Banking --- Banking industry --- Commercial banks --- Depository institutions --- Financial institutions --- Money --- Bankwezen--Zuid-Amerika --- financien --- banken --- financiele markten --- latijns amerika --- Bankbedrijf. Buiten-balans verrichtingen. --- Banksysteem en bankstelsel. --- Buitenlandse schuld. Debt Equity Swap in LDC. --- Financiële geschiedenis: algemeenheden. --- Geldstelsel. --- Working papers --- 336.71 <8> Bankwezen--Zuid-Amerika --- finances --- Financiële geschiedenis: algemeenheden --- Banksysteem en bankstelsel --- Bankbedrijf. Buiten-balans verrichtingen --- Geldstelsel --- Buitenlandse schuld. Debt Equity Swap in LDC --- Finance - Latin America --- Banks and banking - Latin America --- Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Industries: Financial Services --- Financial Risk Management --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Monetary Policy --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Financial Crises --- Monetary economics --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Bank credit --- International reserves --- Currencies --- Credit --- Central banks --- Loans --- Foreign exchange reserves --- Money supply --- United States

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In 1978, China embarked on a gradual but far-reaching reform of its economic system. This paper focuses on the achievements so far in reforming the financial sector, the legal framework for financial transactions, the payments system, and the monetary policy and foreign exchange system. It also analyzes the tasks ahead to achieve the goals set in these areas for the year 2000.

Banks and banking --- Finance --- Monetary policy --- 330.05 --- 332.10951 --- banques --- chine --- finances --- politique economique --- politique monetaire --- 333.100 --- 333.101 --- 333.46 --- 333.480 --- 333.820 --- CN / China - Chine --- S10/0320 --- 336.71 <510> --- 336.74 <510> --- 336.7 <510> --- 338.24 <510> --- 336.71 <510> Bankwezen--?<510> --- Bankwezen--?<510> --- 336.7 <510> Geldwezen. Kredietwezen. Bankwezen. Financien. Monetaire econonomie. Beurswezen--?<510> --- Geldwezen. Kredietwezen. Bankwezen. Financien. Monetaire econonomie. Beurswezen--?<510> --- 336.74 <510> Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector.--?<510> --- Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector.--?<510> --- 338.24 <510> Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--?<510> --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--?<510> --- banken --- china --- financien --- economisch beleid --- monetair beleid --- Algemeenheden. Theorie en principes van de bankorganisatie en -techniek --- Banksysteem en bankstelsel --- Monetaire toestand en evolutie --- Geldstelsel --- Geldbeleid, bankbeleid en kredietbeleid: algemeenheden --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--Money and banking: since 1949 --- China --- Economic policy --- Working papers --- International finance --- Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Foreign Exchange --- Investments: General --- Money and Monetary Policy --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Banking --- Investment & securities --- Monetary economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Commercial banks --- Government securities --- Credit --- Securities --- Financial institutions --- Money --- Interbank markets --- Financial markets --- Financial instruments --- China, People's Republic of

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This report on Adopting Inflation Targeting describes the trade-offs raised in the formulation of an inflation targeting framework and states the approaches to these trade-offs used by inflation targeting countries. The inherent differences discussed in this report between the six emerging market inflation targeting countries—Brazil, Chile, the Czech Republic, Israel, Poland, and South Africa—and other emerging market countries may shed some light on the preferred starting point and conditions for inflation targeting. Most central banks in emerging market countries have taken important organizational steps to enhance their capacity to apply greater judgment and foster transparency and accountability. These steps can be particularly challenging for emerging market central banks that have traditionally operated with controls and regulations and have been reluctant to communicate their policy intentions and economic outlooks. During the transition to full-fledged inflation targeting, several emerging market countries have confronted the challenge of dis-inflating to the long-run inflation objective.

Money. Monetary policy --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- Anti-inflationary policies --- Monetary policy --- Post-communism --- Economic aspects --- economie --- economisch beleid --- economische politiek --- inflatie --- 336.74 --- 338.24 --- situation economique --- croissance economique --- inflation --- politique monetaire --- pays en voie de developpement --- international --- -AA* / International - Internationaal --- ASI / Asia - Azië - Asie --- EEU / Central & Eastern Europe --- LAM / Latin America - Latijns Amerika - Amérique Latine --- 333.80 --- 333.841 --- 333.846.2 --- 330.05 --- 339.53091724 --- Postcommunism --- World politics --- Communism --- Monetary management --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Antiinflationary policies --- Inflation (Finance) --- Price regulation --- Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector. --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen --- economische toestand --- economische groei --- monetair beleid --- ontwikkelingslanden --- internationaal --- Geld-, bank- en kredietpolitiek. Kapitaalmarkt en -rente: algemeenheden. --- Inflatie. --- Verband tussen de geld-, bank- en kredietpolitiek en de prijzen. --- Government policy --- Working papers --- Inflation targeting. --- Economic aspects. --- 338.24 Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen --- 336.74 Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector. --- Inflation targeting --- AA* / International - Internationaal --- Targeting, Inflation --- Geld-, bank- en kredietpolitiek. Kapitaalmarkt en -rente: algemeenheden --- Inflatie --- Verband tussen de geld-, bank- en kredietpolitiek en de prijzen --- Geld. Geldwezen. Monetaire sector --- Post-communism - Economic aspects --- Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Foreign Exchange --- Inflation --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Monetary Policy --- Price Level --- Deflation --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Monetary economics --- Macroeconomics --- Finance --- Banking --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Emerging and frontier financial markets --- Exchange rates --- Prices --- Financial markets --- Crawling peg --- Financial services industry --- Banks and banking --- New Zealand

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This paper examines central bank independence with reference to the constraints on central bank credit to the government, focusing on how such credit should be regulated. It discusses why credit should be contsrained, and in which forms, and how to implement those constraints.

International finance --- Bank loans --- Banks and banking, Central --- Credit --- 336.71 --- 336.711 --- 336.27 --- $?$95/03 --- banque centrale --- credits --- gestion de la dette --- AA* / International - Internationaal --- 333.111.0 --- 333.111.6 --- 333.111.1 --- 333.111.36 --- 336.302 --- 332.11 --- 330.05 --- Bank credit --- Loans --- Borrowing --- Finance --- Money --- Banker's banks --- Banks, Central --- Central banking --- Central banks --- Banks and banking --- Bankwezen --- centrale bank --- kredieten --- schuldbeheer --- Algemeenheden. Theoretische en beschrijvende studies. Centrale banken. --- Betrekkingen van de centrale banken met de overheid. Voorschotten aan de overheid. Monetaire financiering van de schatkist. --- Organieke wetten en statuten van centrale banken. --- Rijkskassier en kassier van andere openbare instellingen. --- Weerslag van de rijksschuld. --- Working papers --- Banks and banking, Central. --- Credit. --- Bank loans. --- 336.71 Bankwezen --- Algemeenheden. Theoretische en beschrijvende studies. Centrale banken --- Organieke wetten en statuten van centrale banken --- Rijkskassier en kassier van andere openbare instellingen --- Betrekkingen van de centrale banken met de overheid. Voorschotten aan de overheid. Monetaire financiering van de schatkist --- Weerslag van de rijksschuld --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Investments: General --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Industries: Financial Services --- Investments: Stocks --- Macroeconomics --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Monetary Policy --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Banking --- Monetary economics --- Investment & securities --- International economics --- Central bank credit --- Bank deposits --- Securities --- Financial institutions --- Financial services --- Current account --- Balance of payments --- Monetary base --- Central bank autonomy --- Monetary expansion --- Monetary policy --- Financial instruments --- Money supply --- Stocks --- Hungary