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Physical distribution --- Physical distribution of goods --- Management --- Management. --- Physical distribution of goods - Management
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This paper evaluates the effect of U.S. state corporate income taxes on union wages. American workers who belong to unions are paid more than their non-union counterparts, and this difference is greater in low-tax locations, reflecting that unions and employers share tax savings associated with low tax rates. In 2000 the difference between average union and non-union hourly wages was $1.88 greater in states with corporate tax rates below four percent than in states with tax rates of nine percent and above. Controlling for observable worker characteristics, a one percent lower state tax rate is associated with a 0.36 percent higher union wage premium, suggesting that workers in a fully unionized firm capture roughly 54 percent of the benefits of low tax rates.
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Many American communities seek to attract or retain businesses with tax abatements, tax credits, or tax increment financing of infrastructure projects (TIFs). The evidence for 1999 indicates that communities are most likely to offer one or more of these business development incentives if their residents have low incomes, if they are located close to state borders, and if their states have troubled political cultures. Ten percent greater median household income is associated with a 3.2 percent lower probability of offering incentives; ten percent greater distance from a state border is associated with a 1.0 percent lower probability of offering incentives; and a 10 percent higher rate at which government officials are convicted of federal corruption crimes is associated with a 1.2 percent greater probability of offering business incentives. TIFs are the preferred incentive of communities whose residents have household incomes between $25,000 and $75,000; whereas TIFs are much less commonly offered by communities whose residents have household incomes below $25,000. The need to finance TIFs out of incremental tax revenues may make it infeasible for many of the poorest of communities to use TIFs for local business development.
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Les Essais de Montaigne sont Poeuvre la plus indispensable pour quiconque veut comprendre l’histoire de la pensee occidentale depuis le 16e siècle (T.S. Eliot dixit). De par la grande diversite des themes explores, cet ouvrage s’adresse a tous ceux (specialistes et amateurs) qui s’interessent ce grand ecrivain-philosophe français. Parmi les aspects importants de l’oeuvre de Montaigne qui sont examines se trouvent l’Apologie de Raymond Sebond, l’autoportrait dans l’essai De la presomption, la poetique montaignienne, les rapports entre le texte et le lecteur, la metaphore de la balance dans Des livres et De trois commerces, le “desordre” des Essais, Porthodoxie religieuse de l’auteur, les rapports Montaigne/Descartes, la notion de l’ame, les “causes perdues” de l’histoire et les excipit des Essais. Dans les onze communications que renferme ce volume, communications faites par des specialistes canadiens, americains et français lors du colloque organise en 1980 par l’Universite de Western Ontario à l’occasion du quatrieme centenaire de la publication des Essais, les auteurs ont aborde maints aspects de Poeuvre, tout en mettant a contribution les abondantes ressources de la critique de ces dernieres decennies. Tant d’analyses penetrantes ne manqueront pas de passionner tous les lecteurs des Essais de Montaigne.
French essays --- French literature --- History and criticism --- Congresses. --- Montaigne, Michel de, --- Montaigne, de, Michel --- French literature.
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