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Water Footprint Assessment is a young research field that considers how freshwater use, scarcity, and pollution relate to consumption, production, and trade patterns. This book presents a wide range of studies within this new field. It is argued that collective and coordinated action - at different scale levels and along all stages of commodity supply chains - is necessary to bring about more sustainable, efficient, and equitable water use. The presented studies range from farm to catchment and country level, and show how different actors along the supply chain of final commodities can contribute to more sustainable water use in the chain.

effective rain --- cabbage --- urban area --- water footprint benchmarks --- value addition --- threshold --- Haihe River Basin --- land footprint --- irrigation intensity --- environmental sustainability --- water resources --- virtual water trade --- land use change --- blue water footprint --- embedded resource accounting --- multi-level governance --- soil type --- cattle --- crop water demand --- lettuce --- modelling --- sustainability --- water scarcity footprint --- water scarcity --- green water availability --- root water uptake --- water footprint --- water productivity --- South Africa --- economic land productivity --- crop trade --- Amazon --- Cerrado --- wheat-bread --- international trade --- life cycle analysis --- broccoli --- value chain --- oil palm (Eleasis guineensis) --- crop choice --- water accounting --- retail --- Malawi --- river basin management --- Steenkoppies Aquifer --- carrots --- consumers --- wheat --- silk --- soybean --- water footprint assessment --- CSR --- sericulture --- food self-sufficiency --- water management --- water footprint accounting --- packhouse --- economic water productivities --- groundwater --- consumption --- Central Europe --- maize --- beetroot --- economic water productivity --- Mato Grosso --- regulation --- food security --- water saving --- crop ages

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This Special Issue (SI) aims to investigate the relationships between hydrological and ecological processes and how these interactions can contribute to the optimization of water resources in arid and semi-arid areas. This SI collected 10 original contributions on sustainable land management and the optimization of water resources in fragile environments that are at elevated risk due to climate change. The topics mainly concern transpiration, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, deep percolation, and related issues. The collection of manuscripts presented in this SI represents a contribution of knowledge in ecohydrology.

sap flow --- water-limited ecosystem --- transpiration --- hysteresis --- nocturnal sap flow --- soil hydraulic conductivity --- aggregate stability --- soil porosity --- soil penetration resistance --- arid sandy land --- infiltration --- precipitation --- deep soil recharge --- freeze–thaw --- gully erosion --- runoff potential --- rainwater harvesting --- ecological restoration --- allophane --- Andisol --- readily soluble silicon --- sequential silicon extraction --- sociology of water use --- well owners --- groundwater --- water supplies --- infrastructure --- water-saving appliances --- diurnal fluctuations --- Phreatophyte --- semiarid --- wetland --- vegetation restoration --- evapotranspiration --- spatial and temporal --- water use efficiency --- Gleam Product --- cover crops --- inter-row management --- evapotranspiration modeling and partition --- FAO56 dual-Kc approach --- soil water balance --- viticulture --- soil structure --- pore volume distribution function --- bulk density --- macroporosity --- air capacity --- plant available water capacity --- relative field capacity --- S-index --- deep infiltration --- runoff --- forest restoration --- compost --- silicon --- soil water retention

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Anthropogenic and natural disturbances to freshwater quantity and quality are a greater issue for society than ever before. To successfully restore water resources requires understanding the interactions between hydrology, climate, land use, water quality, ecology, and social and economic pressures. This Special Issue of Water includes cutting edge research broadly addressing investigative areas related to experimental study designs and modeling, freshwater pollutants of concern, and human dimensions of water use and management. Results demonstrate the immense, globally transferable value of the experimental watershed approach, the relevance and critical importance of current integrated studies of pollutants of concern, and the imperative to include human sociological and economic processes in water resources investigations. In spite of the latest progress, as demonstrated in this Special Issue, managers remain insufficiently informed to make the best water resource decisions amidst combined influences of land use change, rapid ongoing human population growth, and changing environmental conditions. There is, thus, a persistent need for further advancements in integrated and interdisciplinary research to improve the scientific understanding, management, and future sustainability of water resources.

physical habitat --- aquatic ecology --- stream health --- environmental flows --- land use --- hydrology --- hydroecology --- ecohydrology --- climate change --- Appalachia --- reforestation --- land use-land cover --- land-atmosphere coupling --- water quality --- environmental perceptions --- human dimensions --- spatial models --- socioeconomics --- urban watershed management --- municipal watershed --- water quality impairment --- collaborative adaptive management --- water resources --- urban watersheds --- endocrine disrupting chemical --- opioid --- pathway analysis --- ontology --- metabolomics --- decision-making --- logit regression --- farmer perceptions --- social networks --- public funds --- water conservation adoption --- good governance --- sanitation --- sustainability --- water supply --- water-saving agriculture --- Chinese provincial input efficiency --- three-stage DEA model --- environmental variables --- Boufakrane river watershed --- remote sensing --- LULCC --- water balances --- vulnerability --- total dissolved solids --- drinking water --- Appalachian Mountains --- streamflow sensitivity --- water security --- water balance partitioning --- Budyko --- Escherichia coli --- Suspended particulate matter --- Water quality --- Land use practices --- Watershed management --- basin --- hydrologic model --- reaeration rates --- stream metabolism --- watershed --- physicochemistry --- land use practices --- experimental watershed --- suspended particulate matter --- stream water temperature --- watershed management --- bacteria --- land-use practices --- environmental persistence --- saturated hydraulic conductivity --- pedotransfer function --- model validation --- Chesapeake Bay Watershed --- experimental watershed study --- human dimensions of water --- watershed modeling --- hydrological modeling --- water pollutants

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The rising shortage of water resources in crop-producing regions worldwide and the need for irrigation optimisation call for sustainable water savings. The allocation of irrigation water will be an ever-increasing source of pressure because of vast agricultural demands under changing climatic conditions. Consequently, irrigation has to be closely linked with water-use efficiency with the aim of boosting productivity and improving food quality, singularly in those regions where problems of water shortages or collection and delivery are widespread. The present Special Issue (SI) showcases 19 original contributions, addressing water-use efficiency in the context of sustainable irrigation management to meet water scarcity conditions. These papers cover a wide range of subjects including (i) interaction mineral nutrition and irrigation in horticultural crops, (ii) sustainable irrigation in woody fruit crops, (iii) medicinal plants, (iv) industrial crops, and (v) other topics devoted to remote sensing techniques and crop water requirements, genotypes for drought tolerance, and agricultural management. The studies were carried out in both field and laboratory surveys, with modelling studies also being conducted, and a wide range of geographic regions are also covered. The collection of these manuscripts presented in this SI updates on and provides a relevant contribution for efficient saving water resources.

fruit size --- Manzanilla --- olive --- regulated deficit irrigation --- water potential --- water relation --- leaf area --- Manihot esculenta --- photosynthesis --- tuber --- water status --- antioxidant capacity --- bioactive compounds --- growth --- hydroxycinnamic acids --- hydroponics --- preformed plastic mulch film --- crop water productivity --- biodegradation --- crop productivity --- spray-on mulch --- water use efficiency --- almond cultivars --- crop physiological response --- irrigation water productivity --- nut yield --- drip irrigation --- silicon --- mineral nutrients --- oxidative stress --- osmolytes --- yield --- Zea mays --- ERP --- GIS --- internet of things --- precision agriculture --- quality --- environment --- water --- software --- platform --- web application --- crop coefficient --- drought stress --- evapotranspiration --- maize --- water productivity --- Prunus dulcis --- Vairo --- water stress --- sustained deficit irrigation --- quality markers --- leaf greenness index --- root morphology --- almond quality --- sustainability --- marketability --- semiarid Mediterranean environment --- root components --- yield components --- fruit quality --- deficit irrigation --- leaf area index --- harvest index --- photosynthetic rate --- transpiration rate --- greenhouse --- in vitro culture --- apple --- cherries --- midday stem water potential --- sap flow --- stomatal conductance --- FDR probes and daily fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation --- abiotic stress --- Linum album Ky. ex Boiss. --- morphological properties --- phenology --- pigments --- diversity --- root length density --- root weight density --- root-shoot relationships --- benefit-cost ratio --- nitrogen --- root growth --- tomato --- water saving --- Jerusalem artichoke --- mineral fertilization --- irrigation --- diseases --- fungi --- crop suitability --- remote sensing --- ALES-Arid --- SEBAL --- landsat --- crop-water requirements --- smart farming --- crop-production functions --- food quality --- crop physiological response to drought scenarios

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This Special Issue reports on recent research trends in hydraulics, hydrodynamics, and hydroinformatics, and their novel applications in practical engineering. The Issue covers a wide range of topics, including open channel flows, sediment transport dynamics, two-phase flows, flow-induced vibration and water quality. The collected papers provide insight into new developments in physical, mathematical, and numerical modelling of important problems in hydraulics and hydroinformatics, and include demonstrations of the application of such models in water resources engineering.

chute aerator --- spillway bottom --- air concentration --- air bubble frequency --- air bubble chord length --- evolution of precipitation --- model simulation --- information entropy theory --- desert–oasis areas --- Tarim Basin --- gravity wave model --- dam-break flood --- image processing technology --- experimental study --- cavitation bubble --- high-speed photography --- impact pressure --- micro-jet --- Ningxia–Inner Mongolia --- Yellow River --- riverbank collapse --- BSTEM model --- flood &amp --- dry season --- sediment transport --- finite crest length weir --- FGP (flaring gate pier) --- discharge coefficient --- subcritical flow --- river flow modeling --- sediment transport simulation --- automation of flow modeling --- HEC-RAS controller --- python scripting --- three-dimensional aerator --- multi-horizontal-submerged jets --- energy dissipation --- near-field vibration --- fluctuating pressure --- gate-opening modes --- collapse near a wall --- double cavitation bubble --- tilt distribution cavitation --- parallel cavitation --- pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann model --- numerical simulation --- pooled stepped spillway --- pool weir --- flow property --- surface-piercing propeller --- artificial ventilation --- hydrodynamic performance --- LES-VOF method --- flow-induced vibration --- plane gate --- numerical analysis --- bridge scour --- submerged flow --- physical hydraulic modeling --- ski-jump flow --- spillway outlet --- jet trajectory --- experimental model --- rainfall intensity distribution --- two water jets --- collision in air --- Gaussian distribution --- trajectory line --- clogging --- drip irrigation --- flushing --- particle size distribution --- sediments --- submerged jets --- aerated flow --- plunge pool --- trapezoidal cross-section --- U-shaped channel --- radius-to-width ratio --- slope coefficient --- hydraulic characteristics --- hydraulic jump --- Froude number --- stilling basin with shallow-water cushion (SBSWC) --- large eddy simulation --- best depth --- CFD–DEM coupling --- hydrocyclone --- particle shape --- particle size --- water and sediment separation --- stepped dropshaft --- flow region --- central angle of step --- free surface measurement --- optical motion capturing --- tank test --- wave gauge --- sloshing --- offset jet --- potential core --- decay rate --- k-ε model --- abutment --- overtopping flow --- pressure flow --- scour and velocity field --- Y-shaped confluence channel --- non-submerged rigid vegetation --- longitudinal velocity --- secondary flow --- turbulent kinetic energy --- wetland --- lattice Boltzmann method --- shallow lake --- drag force --- water-saving irrigation development level --- Sichuan province --- TOPSIS method --- experiment --- particle image velocimetry --- 3D confined wall jet --- mean flow --- multiple bubble collapse --- pressure wave energy --- energy conversion rate --- consistent particle method --- solitary wave --- submerged breakwater --- breaking wave --- vortex --- free surface flow --- embankment weir --- bridge piers --- turbulence --- CFD --- sediment --- transforming mechanism --- open channel bend --- velocity distribution --- PIV --- hyporheic exchange --- surface−groundwater flow process --- influencing factors --- orthogonal tests --- sensitivity analysis --- linearly moved irrigation system --- application depth --- moving speed --- uniformity coefficient --- tidal discharge --- phase difference --- tidal channel junction --- flow division --- fluvial acoustic tomography --- wavelet analysis --- DEM --- hydrodynamic modelling --- river bathymetry --- floods --- Bathy-supp --- coherent vortex structure --- backward-facing step --- synchronized PIV --- separation and reattachment --- free shear layer --- vortical evolution