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Precipitation is a well-recognized pillar in the global water and energy balances. The accurate and timely understanding of its characteristics at the global, regional and local scales is indispensable for a clearer insight on the mechanisms underlying the Earth’s atmosphere-ocean complex system. Precipitation is one of the elements that is documented to be greatly affected by climate change. In its various forms, precipitation comprises the primary source of freshwater, which is vital for the sustainability of almost all human activities. Its socio-economic significance is fundamental in managing this natural resource effectively, in applications ranging from irrigation to industrial and household usage. Remote sensing of precipitation is pursued through a broad spectrum of continuously enriched and upgraded instrumentation, embracing sensors which can be ground-based (e.g., weather radars), satellite-borne (e.g., passive or active space-borne sensors), underwater (e.g., hydrophones), aerial, or ship-borne. This volume hosts original research contributions on several aspects of remote sensing of precipitation, including applications which embrace the use of remote sensing in tackling issues such as precipitation estimation, seasonal characteristics of precipitation and frequency analysis, assessment of satellite precipitation products, storm prediction, rain microphysics and microstructure, and the comparison of satellite and numerical weather prediction precipitation products.

Northern China --- raindrop size distribution (DSD) --- microphysical processes --- quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) --- satellite-based precipitation --- elevation --- extreme events --- IMERG-V05B and V06A --- MSWEP --- ERA5 --- SM2RAIN --- precipitation estimation --- soil moisture --- SM2RAIN-CCI --- SM2RAIN-ASCAT --- multi-satellite precipitation analysis (TMPA) --- error decomposition --- complex topography --- diverse climate --- gauge data --- IMERG --- TAHMO --- morphing --- field displacement --- TIGGE --- precipitation --- numerical weather prediction --- satellite --- flood --- spring 2019 --- Iran --- GPM IMERG --- satellite precipitation --- spatiotemporal analysis --- statistical distribution --- validation --- Mainland China --- GSMaP_NRT --- GSMaP_Gauge_NRT --- raindrop size distribution --- radar reflectivity --- raindrop spectrometer --- semi-arid area --- assessment --- Taiwan --- data assimilation --- WRF model --- high-impact rainfall events --- GNSS ZTD --- optimum interpolation --- geographically weighted regression --- downscaling --- Tianshan Mountains --- satellite precipitation products --- evaluation --- daily rainfall --- hourly rainfall --- GPM --- TRMM --- GNSS --- GNSS antenna --- receiver antenna calibration --- relative calibration --- Phase Center Variation --- U-blox --- goGPS --- Zenith Tropospheric Delay --- ZED-F9P --- GSMaP --- Nepal --- cloud radar --- thunderstorm --- LDR --- hydrometeor --- hydrometeor classification --- lightning --- discharge --- remote sensing --- SEVIRI --- ground radar --- precipitation interpolation --- geographically and temporally weighted regression --- time weight function --- geographically and temporally weighted regression kriging --- extreme rainfall --- polarimetric radar signatures --- quantitative precipitation estimation --- southern china --- reanalysis --- linear trends --- mainland China --- EDBF algorithm --- geospatial predictor --- spatial pattern --- weighted precipitation --- Cyprus --- bias correction --- object-based method --- storm events --- Thies --- disdrometer --- weather circulations --- convective --- stratiform --- rain spectra --- radar reflectivity–rain rate relationship --- gridded precipitation products --- abrupt changes --- trends --- statistical indicators --- agriculture --- Pakistan --- rainfall --- radar --- extreme precipitation --- spatial bootstrap --- Louisiana --- annual maxima --- n/a --- radar reflectivity-rain rate relationship

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Since their discovery in 1895, the detection of X-rays has had a strong impact on and various applications in several fields of science and human life. Impressive efforts have been made to develop new types of detectors and new techniques, aiming to obtain higher precision both in terms of energy and position. Depending on the applications, solid state detectors, microcalorimeters, and various types of spectrometers currently serve as the best options for spectroscopic and imaging detectors. Recent advancements in micron and meV precision have opened the door for groundbreaking applications in fundamental physics, medical science, astrophysics, cultural heritage, and several other fields. The aim of this Special Issue is to compile an overview, from different communities and research fields, of the most recent developments in X-ray detection and their possible impacts in various sectors, such as in exotic atom measurements, quantum physics studies, XRF, XES, EXAFS, plasma emission spectroscopy, monochromators, synchrotron radiation, telescopes, and space engineering. All the papers included in this Special Issue contribute to emphasizing the importance of X-ray detection in a very broad range of physics topics; most of these topics are covered by the published works, and several others are mentioned in the paper references, providing an interesting and very useful synopsis, from a variety of different communities and research fields, of the most recent developments in X-ray detection and their impact in fundamental research and societal applications.

Compton camera --- and detectors --- X-ray detectors --- coherent imaging --- X-ray and ?-ray spectrometers --- magnetic multilayers --- X-ray diffraction --- X-ray spectroscopy --- XAS --- scintillation detector --- X-ray absorption --- XRF --- HAPG --- soft X-rays --- gratings --- von Hamos --- radiation detectors --- amylin --- synchrotron radiation --- high energy resolution fluorescence detection --- optical materials --- HOPG --- molybdenum --- Pyrolytic Graphite --- mosaic spread --- mirrors --- quantum foundations --- strong interaction --- Mössbauer spectroscopy --- multidisciplinarity --- Compton scattering --- Pauli exclusion principle --- free electron lasers --- X- and ?-ray instruments --- silicon photomultiplier --- kaonic atoms --- standing waves --- X- and ?-ray sources --- graphite crystals --- mosaicity --- X-ray source facilities --- rocking curve --- optical instruments and equipment --- photodetectors --- TM oxides --- X-ray reflectivity --- beamlines --- X-ray --- XAFS --- solid-state detectors --- underground experiment --- material investigation --- material science --- thin films --- X-ray Raman --- medical applications --- THz radiation --- X-ray absorption spectroscopy --- positron emission tomography

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Precipitation is a well-recognized pillar in global water and energy balances. An accurate and timely understanding of its characteristics at the global, regional, and local scales is indispensable for a clearer understanding of the mechanisms underlying the Earth’s atmosphere–ocean complex system. Precipitation is one of the elements that is documented to be greatly affected by climate change. In its various forms, precipitation comprises a primary source of freshwater, which is vital for the sustainability of almost all human activities. Its socio-economic significance is fundamental in managing this natural resource effectively, in applications ranging from irrigation to industrial and household usage. Remote sensing of precipitation is pursued through a broad spectrum of continuously enriched and upgraded instrumentation, embracing sensors which can be ground-based (e.g., weather radars), satellite-borne (e.g., passive or active space-borne sensors), underwater (e.g., hydrophones), aerial, or ship-borne.

satellite radiance --- WRF-Hydro --- meteorological radar --- QPE --- microstructure of rain --- TMPA --- evaluation --- precipitation --- volume matching --- CFSR --- GMI --- terminal velocity --- TRMM-TMPA --- surface rain intensity --- retrieval algorithm --- rain gauges --- tropical cyclone --- CMORPH --- T-Matrix --- Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) --- statistical evaluation --- vertical air velocity --- heavy rainfall prediction --- GPM IMERG v5 --- Tianshan Mountains --- Red River Basin --- precipitation retrieval --- satellite precipitation --- PERSIANN-CCS --- validation network --- PEMW --- satellite rainfall estimate --- high latitude --- Cyprus --- GPM --- wet deposition --- CloudSat --- thundercloud --- GPS --- satellite remote sensing --- assessment --- numerical weather prediction --- mineral dust --- complex terrain --- mesoscale precipitation patterns --- GNSS meteorology --- lumped models --- satellites --- Southern China --- error analysis --- topography --- cloud scavenging --- radar reflectivity–rain rate relationship --- CHAOS --- RADOLAN --- hydrometeor classification --- TRMM --- thunderstorm --- CHIRPS --- satellite precipitation retrieval --- GPM/IMERG --- GSMaP --- bias correction --- Precise Point Positioning --- Mainland China --- supercooled droplets detection --- SEID --- Saharan dust transportation --- Huaihe River basin --- GPM Microwave Imager --- satellite --- TMPA 3B42RT --- forecast model --- quality indexes --- SEVIRI --- radiometer --- triple collocation --- satellite precipitation product --- Mandra --- synoptic weather types --- drop size distribution (DSD) --- Amazon Basin --- weather radar --- X-band radar --- downscaling --- precipitation rate --- neural networks --- rain rate --- CMIP --- GPM-era IMERG --- GR models --- weather --- typhoon --- satellite rainfall retrievals --- TRMM 3B42 v7 --- validation --- low-cost receivers --- rainfall retrieval techniques --- snowfall detection --- GPM satellite --- Zenith Tropospheric Delay --- 3B42 --- hurricane Harvey --- PERSIANN_CDR --- TRMM 3B42 V7 --- snow water path retrieval --- DPR --- satellite precipitation adjustment --- Peninsular Spain --- RMAPS --- daily rainfall estimations --- streamflow simulation --- regional climate models --- Red–Thai Binh River Basin --- Ensemble Precipitation (EP) algorithm --- cloud radar --- disdrometer --- TRMM-era TMPA --- hydrometeorology --- MSG --- radar data assimilation --- dust washout process --- runoff simulations --- geostationary microwave sensors --- radar --- topographical and seasonal evaluation --- goGPS --- XPOL radar --- TMPA 3B42V7 --- telemetric rain gauge --- harmonie model --- tropical storm rainfall --- linear-scaling approach --- Milešovka observatory --- precipitable water vapor --- heavy precipitation --- hydrological simulation --- reflectivity --- Ka-band --- Tibetan Plateau --- satellite rainfall estimates --- regional rainfall regimes --- Lai Nullah --- microwave scattering --- remote sensing --- pre-processing --- rainfall rate --- MSWEP --- climatology --- VIC model --- CMORPH_CRT --- IMERG --- single frequency GNSS --- PERSIANN --- flood-inducing storm --- climate models --- Pakistan --- precipitating hydrometeor --- data assimilation --- rainfall --- kriging with external drift --- dual-polarization --- quantitative precipitation estimates --- flash flood --- Satellite Precipitation Estimates --- gridded radar precipitation --- regional rainfall sub-regimes --- polar systems