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Since the Scots pine species is most important in Eurasia, it was considered necessary to involve authors from as many countries as was possible including Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R. During the 18th IUFRO World Congress in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, in September 1986, details were worked out for the contents of this book.
This book is a truly international effort, prepared in the traditional IUFRO spirit of selfless co-operation. In all, 24 authors from 9 countries are involved. Each chapter was reviewed by two editors from two different countries.

Scots pine --- Genetics. --- Breeding.

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Pinus radiata. --- Pine --- Pines --- Pinus --- Pinaceae --- Insignis pine --- Monterey pine --- Pinus attenuata --- Pinus insignis --- Pinus montereyensis --- Radiata pine --- Growth.

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Pine snake --- Coluber melanoleucus --- Eastern pine snake --- Pinesnake --- Pituophis melanoleucus --- Pituophis --- History. --- Behavior. --- Conservation.

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Pine --- Genetics. --- Pines --- Pinus --- Pinaceae --- Pins --- Genètica vegetal

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Natural pine forests characterize many landscapes preserved over time, either as a result of a specific forest management practice or a disturbance. In the event of a lack of management over a long period of time, these formations could evolve with increasingly chaotic structures towards other formations. This process can lead to landscape change, the spread of insects and pathogens, and the risk of fires and watercourse obstruction. Pine forest plantations should be considered as transient tree populations, destined to evolve into more complex and stable formations. However, sometimes they should be preserved for their cultural value. Careful management of these forests also takes into account the close relationship between forest and human settlements. As a first step, ecological management assumes the definition of these two macro types. These approaches include the application of integrated methods for determining the reference conditions of the main functional and structural ecosystem components of forests. The reference conditions are the historical (or natural) variability range of ecological structures and processes, reflecting the recent evolution and dynamic interaction of biotic and abiotic conditions and patterns of disturbance. These conditions form the basis for comparison with contemporary ecosystem processes and structures and are a frame of reference for designing ecological restoration treatments and conservation plans. The productive aspects must not be overlooked; rather, they have to be considered, planned, and managed with a perspective of sustainability and ecosystem functionality. This should be considered for a common approach to forest management, for a forest rehabilitation, and for forest restoration activities.

Environmental Impact Assessment --- Ecological Indicator --- Silviculture --- Forest Management --- Pine Plantation --- Low Impact Logging --- Forest Restoration --- Pine Forest --- Forest Rehabilitation