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The book aims to the description of recent progress in studies of light absorption and scattering in turbid media. In particular, light scattering/oceanic optics/snow optics research community will greatly benefit from the publication of this book.

Light absorption. --- Absorption of light --- Light --- Optical absorption --- Absorption --- Opacity (Optics)

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This book takes a fresh, holistic approach to the problems of light absorption and absorbers in seawaters, discussing the fundamentals of light absorption at various depths in seawaters of different trophicity by absorbers of diverse origin. The authors have drawn their information from a substantial body of contemporary research results published in the subject literature (over 700 references) as well as their own work during the last 30 years. No other book presently available examines the issues of light absorption and absorbers in seawaters in such a manner. The book is intended primarily for students, engineers and scientists professionally involved with the marine environment; nevertheless, the authors hope that it will also find favor among all who take an interest in the nature of our Earth, especially the seas and oceans. The components most strongly differentiating the various types of sea/ocean waters from the optical point of view – the water itself, the organic and inorganic substances dissolved in it, and the manifold particles suspended in it – receive comprehensive treatment. The spectral absorption of light by pure water in its various states of matter and by atoms and ions of sea salt is also given ample coverage. The interaction of light with various kinds of organic molecules is analyzed in detail, as are the light absorption spectra of the principal groups of these substances present in the sea in dissolved form. The physical and chemical properties, as well as the optical constants, of organic and inorganic suspended particulate matter (SPM), are discussed in the context of their relationship to the light absorption properties of SPM. Special emphasis is placed on the role of the phytoplankton and the pigments it contains which are particularly strong and important absorbers of visible light in the sea. The authors are professors of physics with practical experience in the field of marine research going back 35 (BW) and 45 (JD) years. They are also the authors of a large number of research papers and several books, e.g., J. Dera, Marine Physics (Elsevier (The Netherlands) and PWN (Poland)), W. Smekot-Wensierski, B. Wozniak et al. Absorptionseigenschaften des marinen Phytoplanktons [Absorption properties of marine phytoplankton] (GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Germany).

Seawater --- Light absorption. --- Underwater light. --- Optical properties. --- Submarine light --- Underwater illumination --- Light --- Absorption of light --- Optical absorption --- Absorption --- Opacity (Optics) --- Optical oceanography

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Recent research and development in the field of high-current circuit breaker technology are devoted to meeting two challenges: the environmental compatibility and new demands on electrical grids caused by the increasing use of renewable energies. Electric arcs in gases or a vacuum are the key component in the technology at present and will play a key role also in future concepts, e.g., for hybrid and fast switching required for high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission systems. In addition, the replacement of the environmentally harmful SF6 in gas breakers and gas-insulated switchgear is an actual issue. This Special Issue comprises eight peer-reviewed papers, which address recent studies of switching arcs and electrical insulation at high and medium voltage. Three papers consider issues of the replacement of the environmentally harmful SF6 by CO2 in high-voltage gas circuit breakers. One paper deals with fast switching in air with relevance for hybrid fault current limiters and hybrid HVDC interrupters. The other four papers illustrate actual research on vacuum current breakers as an additional option for environmentally compatible switchgear; fundamental studies of the vacuum arc ignition, as well as concepts for the use of vacuum arcs for DC interruption.

vacuum circuit breaker --- double break --- prestrike characteristics --- vacuum interrupter --- prestrike gap --- gaseous breakdown --- SF6 --- CO2 --- surface roughness --- statistical enlargement laws --- vacuum arc --- DC circuit breaker --- current interruption --- magnetic field --- plasma physics --- zero-crossing --- circuit breaker --- switching arc --- optical emission spectroscopy --- ablation --- current zero --- SF6 alternative gases --- PTFE --- optical absorption spectroscopy --- Swan bands --- CuF --- hybrid dc circuit breaker --- vacuum arc commutation --- solid-state switch --- vacuum arc voltage --- air arc plasma --- Thomson actuator --- magnetohydrodynamic simulations --- fast switch --- optical diagnostics

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Measurement techniques form the basis of our knowledge about atmospheric composition and chemistry. Presently, important questions of atmospheric chemistry center on urban pollution, free-radical chemistry, degradation of greenhouse gases and the budgets of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone. Among the many different optical spectroscopic methods that are in use, DOAS has emerged as a universal technique to measure the concentrations of atmospheric trace gases by making use of the characteristic absorption features of gas molecules along a path of known length in the open atmosphere. This book reviews the basics of atmospheric chemistry, radiation transport, and optical spectroscopy before detailing the principles underlying DOAS. The second part of the book describes the design and application of DOAS instruments as well as the evaluation and interpretation of spectra. The recent expansion of DOAS application to the imaging of trace gas distributions by ground, aircraft, and satellite-based instruments is also covered. Written for graduate students and researchers with a general background in environmental physics, this book especially addresses the needs of those working in the field of atmospheric chemistry, pollution monitoring, and volcanology.

Optical spectroscopy. --- Absorption spectra. --- Light absorption. --- Spectrum analysis. --- Atmospheric chemistry. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Optics --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Absorption of light --- Optical absorption --- Absorption --- Opacity (Optics) --- Selective absorption --- Exciton theory --- Molecular spectroscopy --- Spectrum analysis --- Spectroscopy, Optical --- Visible spectroscopy --- Qualitative --- Atmospheric science --- Geology. --- Physical geography. --- Chemistry, Physical organic. --- Geochemistry. --- Natural Hazards. --- Classical Electrodynamics. --- Geophysics and Environmental Physics. --- Environmental Physics. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Chemistry --- Earth sciences --- Chemistry, Physical organic --- Chemistry, Organic --- Geography --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Natural history --- Spectrometry --- Natural disasters. --- Optics. --- Electrodynamics. --- Geophysics. --- Environmental sciences. --- Physical chemistry. --- Dynamics --- Physics --- Natural calamities --- Disasters --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Environmental science --- Science --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics

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This is the fourth volume in the series Light Scattering Reviews, devoted to current knowledge of light scattering problems and both experimental and theoretical research techniques related to their solution. This volume covers experimental studies in the optics of light scattering media, focusing on single light scattering and radiative transfer. Light Scattering Reviews 4 summarizes recent developments in the fields of light scattering media optics and radiative transfer; provides an up-to-date review of modern single and multiple light-scattering theory; focuses on radiative transfer and optics of highly reflective objects, such as snow and ice; uniquely covers numerical techniques in single and multiple light scattering; considers both theoretical and experimental results; presents the physical grounds of the opposition effects.

Light -- Scattering. --- Light absorption. --- Particles -- Optical properties. --- Radiative transfer. --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Light & Optics --- Light --- Particles --- Reflection (Optics) --- Scattering. --- Optical properties. --- Transfer, Radiative --- Light scattering --- Scattering of light --- Absorption of light --- Optical absorption --- Absorption --- Geography. --- Geophysics. --- Atmospheric sciences. --- Geographical information systems. --- Remote sensing. --- Physical measurements. --- Measurement. --- Geographical Information Systems/Cartography. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Atmospheric Sciences. --- Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation. --- Optics --- Rainbows --- Astrophysics --- Geophysics --- Heat --- Radiation --- Transport theory --- Diffusion --- Refraction --- Scattering (Physics) --- Opacity (Optics) --- Radiation and absorption --- Physical geography. --- Geography --- Geographical information systems --- GIS (Information systems) --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Measurement   . --- Measuring --- Mensuration --- Mathematics --- Technology --- Metrology --- Physical measurements --- Measurements, Physical --- Mathematical physics --- Measurement --- Remote-sensing imagery --- Remote sensing systems --- Remote terrain sensing --- Sensing, Remote --- Terrain sensing, Remote --- Aerial photogrammetry --- Aerospace telemetry --- Detectors --- Space optics --- Atmospheric sciences --- Earth sciences --- Atmosphere --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics