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The improvement of exercise performance in sports not only involves the enhancement of physical strength, but also includes the development of psychological and cognitive functions. There is an increasing body of evidence to show that physical exercise is a powerful way to improve a number of aspects of cognition and brain function at the systemic and behavioral levels. Yet, several questions remain: What type of exercise program is optimal for improving cognitive functions? What are the real effects of certain innovative exercise protocols on the relationship between behavior and the brain? To what extent do ergogenic aids boost cognitive function? How efficient are neuromodulation techniques in relation to behavioral performance? The answers to these questions likely require multidisciplinary insights not only from physiologists and sports scientists, but also from neuroscientists and psychologists. The manuscripts published (16 research papers and one perspective article from various academic fields) in this Special Issue Book “Exercise: A Gate That Primes the Brain to Perform” bring together current knowledge and novel directions in human exercise-cognition research dealing with performance. This book showcases the various relationships between cognitive function, brain activity, and behavioral performance with applications in sports and exercise science.

Muscle fatigue --- voluntary activation --- self-control --- performance --- motivation --- exercise physiology --- cognition --- high intensity interval training --- moderate intensity continuous exercise --- exercise training --- transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) --- whole-body movement --- motor system --- muscle strength --- high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) --- foot muscle strength --- passive ankle kinesthesia --- static balance --- exercise --- executive functions --- core symptoms --- children --- autism spectrum disorders --- personalized training --- personalized medicine --- exercise prescription --- inhibition --- basketball --- playing positions --- Go/NoGo --- event-related potential --- volition --- brain structure --- sense of agency --- sport --- MRI --- brain regulation --- physical performance --- cognitive performance --- supplementation --- sprint start --- cerebral oxygenation --- ventral-lateral-prefrontal-cortex --- caffeine --- prolonged intermittent exercise --- exercise performance --- acute aerobic exercise --- declarative memory --- procedural memory --- coding period --- consolidation period --- resistance training --- barbell training --- strength training --- HIFT --- neurocognition --- effort --- exertion --- obesity --- inhibitory control --- aerobic exercise --- resistance exercise --- aging --- cardiovascular exercise --- fronto-parietal network --- neuroimaging --- motor performance --- priming tDCS --- cathodal --- multiple sessions --- motor learning --- neuroplasticity --- n/a

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Creatine plays a critical role in cellular metabolism, primarily by binding with phosphate to form phosphocreatine (PCr) as well as shuttling high-energy phosphate compounds in and out of the mitochondria for metabolism. Increasing the dietary availability of creatine increases the tissue and cellular availability of PCr, and thereby enhances the ability to maintain high-energy states during intense exercise. For this reason, creatine monohydrate has been extensively studied as an ergogenic aid for exercise, training, and sport. Limitations in the ability to synthesize creatine and transport and/or store dietary creatine can impair metabolism and is a contributor to several disease states. Additionally, creatine provides an important source of energy during metabolically stressed states, particularly when oxygen availability is limited. Thus, researchers have assessed the role of creatine supplementation on health throughout the lifespan, as well as whether creatine availability may improve disease management and/or therapeutic outcomes. This book provides a comprehensive overview of scientific and medical evidence related to creatine's role in metabolism, health throughout the lifespan, and our current understanding of how creatine can promote brain, heart, vascular and immune health; reduce the severity of musculoskeletal and brain injury; and may provide therapeutic benefits in glucose management and diabetes, cancer therapy, inflammatory bowel disease, and post-viral fatigue.

ergogenic aids --- cellular metabolism --- phosphagens --- sarcopenia --- cognition --- diabetes --- creatine synthesis deficiencies --- concussion --- traumatic brain injury --- spinal cord injury --- muscle atrophy --- rehabilitation --- pregnancy --- immunity --- anti-inflammatory --- antioxidant --- anticancer --- creatine --- nutritional supplements --- fertility --- newborn --- development --- brain injury --- post-viral fatigue syndrome --- chronic fatigue syndrome --- GAA --- creatine kinase --- dietary supplements --- exercise --- skeletal muscle --- glycemic control --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- phosphorylcreatine --- dietary supplement --- ergogenic aid --- youth --- athletes --- osteoporosis --- osteosarcopenia --- frailty --- cachexia --- innate immunity --- adaptive immunity --- inflammation --- macrophage polarization --- cytotoxic T cells --- toll-like receptors --- vascular pathology --- cardiovascular disease --- oxidative stress --- vascular health --- female --- menstrual cycle --- hormones --- exercise performance --- menopause --- mood --- children --- height --- BMI-for-age --- stature-for-age --- growth --- phosphocreatine --- creatine transporter --- supplementation --- treatment --- heart --- heart failure --- ischemia --- myocardial infarction --- anthracycline --- cardiac toxicity --- energy metabolism --- cell survival --- bioinformatics --- systems biology --- cellular allostasis --- dynamic biosensor --- pleiotropic effects of creatine (Cr) supplementation --- inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) --- ulcerative colitis --- Crohn’s disease --- creatine kinase (CK) --- phosphocreatine (PCr) --- creatine transporter (CrT) --- intestinal epithelial cell protection --- intestinal tissue protection --- creatine perfusion --- organ transplantation --- Adenosine mono-phosphate (AMP) --- activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- liver kinase B1 (LKB1) --- mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- glucose transporter (GLUT) --- T cell antitumor immunity --- metabolic regulator --- cancer immunotherapy --- supplements --- muscle damage --- recovery --- immobilization --- atrophy --- muscular dystrophy --- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis --- Parkinson’s Disease --- cardiopulmonary disease --- mitochondrial cytopathy --- hypertrophy --- athletic performance --- weightlifting --- resistance exercise --- training --- muscular power --- muscular adaptation --- muscle fatigue --- adipose tissue --- muscle strength --- physiological adaptation --- mitochondria --- thermogenesis --- MAP kinase signaling system --- sodium-chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters --- signal transduction --- intradialytic creatine supplementation --- hemodialysis --- muscle --- protein energy wasting --- clinical trial --- muscle weakness --- chronic fatigue --- cognitive impairment --- depression --- anemia --- resistance training --- sports nutrition --- strength --- toxicity --- methylation --- hyperhomocysteinemia --- neuromodulation --- MCDA --- mitochondriopathia --- cardiac infarction --- long COVID --- hypoxia --- stroke --- neurodegenerative diseases --- noncommunicable disease --- adenosine 5′-monopnophosphate-activated protein kinase --- anthracyclines --- creatine supplementation --- cardiac signaling --- cardiotoxicity --- doxorubicin --- soy --- vegetarian/vegan diet --- amino acids --- dietary ingredients --- performance