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Fern --- Fanny --- 1811-1872

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Ferns are an integral part of the world's flora, appreciated for their beauty as ornamentals, problematic as invaders and endangered by human interference. They often dominate forest understories but also colonize open areas, invade waterways and survive in nutrient-poor wastelands and eroded pastures. Presented here is the first comprehensive summary of fern ecology, with worldwide examples from Siberia to the islands of Hawaii. Topics include a brief history of the ecological study of ferns, a global survey of fern biogeography, fern population dynamics, the role of ferns in ecosystem nutrient cycles, their adaptations to xeric environments and future directions in fern ecology. Fully illustrated concepts and processes provide a framework for future research and utilization of ferns for graduate students and professionals in ecology, conservation and land management.

PTE Pteridophyta --- Pteridophyta --- ecology --- biogeography --- population dynamics --- ecosystems --- adaptative strategies --- nature conservation --- CITES --- Ferns --- Fern allies --- Pteridophytes --- Vascular cryptogams --- Archegoniatae --- Cryptogams --- Fern --- Filicineae --- Filicophyta --- Filicopsida --- Polypodiophyta --- Pterophyta --- Ecology.

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Wild flowers --- Ferns --- Fern --- Filicineae --- Filicophyta --- Filicopsida --- Polypodiophyta --- Pterophyta --- Pteridophyta --- Wildflowers --- Flowers

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Textual criticism is a philological speciality centered in a work-in-progress of text-production and/or its transmission. Textual criticism works on the author manuscripts and all the marks left by him, which document the process of textual representation conditioned by the author's intention and the linguistic system he/she uses, since the most primitive form (sketches) to its terminal level or final form. Also, textual criticism considers the existent manuscript (if present), or conjecture its original form (if absent), and then the tradition derived from it, studying the departures from the tradition when compared to the original (if present); or reconstruct the closest lesson to what the original would have been (if absent). The present essays document a set of theoretical reflections and practices of the author on textual criticism in general, and genetics in particular, applied to medieval manuscripts and to manuscripts of great Portuguese writers such as Camilo Castelo Branco, Antero de Quental, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa or Vitorino Nemésio.

Pessoa (fern --- Textual criticism --- Genetic criticism --- Critical editing --- Medieval manuscript --- Author manuscript --- Queiroz (eça de) --- Philology --- O) --- Nemésio (vitorino)

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With their team of contemporary scholars, the editors present a thorough coverage of fundamental topics necessary for obtaining an up-to-date understanding of the biology of ferns and lycophytes. The book is organized into major topics that build from the individual and its biochemistry and structure, to genetics and populations, to interactions among individuals and the conservation of species, and concludes with perspectives on evolutionary history and classification. Each chapter is organized to review past work, explore current questions, and suggest productive directions for continued discoveries about these fascinating groups of organisms. Written for upper undergraduates, graduates and academic researchers, Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes fills a major gap in biological, organism-level, evolutionary literature by providing a review of the biology and evolution of this important group of vascular land plants.

Ferns. --- Club mosses. --- Ferns --- Club mosses --- Clubmosses --- Ground firs --- Ground pines --- Lycopodiatae --- Lycopodiella --- Lycopodineae --- Lycopodiopsida --- Lycopodium --- Lycopodiaceae --- Fern --- Filicineae --- Filicophyta --- Filicopsida --- Polypodiophyta --- Pterophyta --- Pteridophyta --- Evolution. --- Mosses