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Modelling is an important tool for understanding the complexity of forest ecosystems and the variety of interactions of ecosystem components, processes and values. This book describes the hybrid approach to modelling forest ecosystems and their possible response to natural and management-induced disturbance. The book describes the FORECAST family of ecosystem management models at three different spatial scales (tree, stand and landscape), and compares them with alternative models at these three spatial scales. 1. INTRODUCTION: WHY DO WE NEED ECOSYSTEM-LEVEL MODELS AS A DECISION-SUPPORT TOOL IN FORESTRY?2. ECOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS THAT SHOULD BE ADDRESSED IN FORESTRY DECISION SUPPORT TOOLS3. HYBRID SIMULATION (HS) IN THE CONTEXT OF OTHER CLASSES OF FOREST MODELS, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FORECAST FAMILY OF HS MODELS4. FORESTRY IN TRANSITION: THE NEED FOR INDIVIDUAL TREE MODELS5. STAND-LEVEL MODELS IN FOREST MANAGEMENT AS TOOLS TO SUPPORT ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT6. LANDSCAPE-LEVEL MODELS IN FOREST MANAGEMENT7. EDUCATIONAL MODELS IN FOREST MANAGEMENT8. HOW TO DEVELOP A MODEL FOR FOREST MANAGEMENT9. THE ROLE OF ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT MODELS IN ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT, CERTIFICATION AND LAND RECLAMATIONINDEXREFERENCESThe book will help forest managers to understand what to expect from ecosystem-based forest models; serve as a tool for use in teaching about sustainability, scenario analysis and value trade-offs in natural resources management; and assist policy makers, managers and researches working in assessment of sustainable forest management and ecosystem management. Several real-life examples of using the FORECAST family of models in forest management and other applications are presented from countries including Canada, China, Spain and the USA, to illustrate the concepts described in the text. The book also demonstrates how these models can be extended for scenario and value trade-off analysis through visualization and educational or management games.
Forest ecology --- Forest management. --- Sustainable forestry. --- Simulation methods. --- forestry --- forests --- Forecasting --- Sustainable development --- Simulation models --- Resource conservation --- Forest management --- Environmental modelling --- ecosystems --- world
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Global warming and population growth have resulted in an increase in the intensity of natural and anthropogenic stressors. Investigating the complex nature of environmental problems requires the integration of different environmental processes across major components of the environment, including water, climate, ecology, air, and land. Cumulative effects assessment (CEA) not only includes analyzing and modeling environmental changes, but also supports planning alternatives that promote environmental monitoring and management.Disjointed and narrowly focused environmental management approaches have proved dissatisfactory. The adoption of integrated modelling approaches has sparked interests in the development of frameworks which may be used to investigate the processes of individual environmental component and the ways they interact with each other. Integrated modelling systems and frameworks are often the only way to take into account the important environmental processes and interactions, relevant spatial and temporal scales, and feedback mechanisms of complex systems for CEA.This book examines the ways in which interactions and relationships between environmental components are understood, paying special attention to climate, land, water quantity and quality, and both anthropogenic and natural stressors. It reviews modelling approaches for each component and reviews existing integrated modelling systems for CEA. Finally, it proposes an integrated modelling framework and provides perspectives on future research avenues for cumulative effects assessment.
Environmental impact analysis. --- Cumulative effects assessment (Environmental assessment) --- Hydrology. --- Aquatic sciences --- Earth sciences --- Hydrography --- Water --- Environmental impact analysis --- Assessment of cumulative environmental effects --- Cumulative environmental effects assessment --- Environmental auditing --- Environmental monitoring --- Environmental protection --- Analysis of environmental impact --- Environmental assessment --- Environmental impact assessment --- Environmental impact evaluation --- Impact analysis, Environmental --- Athabasca Region. --- Athabasca River. --- Environmental problems. --- acidification. --- air quality. --- anthropogenetic stressors. --- applied modeling system. --- applied modelling. --- atmospheric deposition. --- climate change. --- cumulative effects assessment. --- environmental analysis. --- environmental impact assessment. --- environmental model. --- environmental modelling framework. --- environmental modelling. --- environmental planning. --- ground water interaction. --- groundwater. --- hydrodynamics. --- hydrology. --- integrated model. --- integrated modelling. --- land use/land cover. --- load allocation. --- natural stressors. --- surface water interaction. --- surface water. --- water allocation. --- water quality. --- watershed.
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Landscape ecology is a relatively new area of study, which aims to understand the pattern of interaction of biological and cultural communities within a landscape. This book brings together leading figures from the field to provide an up-to-date survey of recent advances, identify key research problems and suggest a future direction for development and expansion of knowledge. Providing in-depth reviews of the principles and methods for understanding landscape patterns and changes, the book illustrates concepts with examples of innovative applications from different parts of the world. Forming a current 'state-of-the-science' for the science of landscape ecology, this book forms an essential reference for graduate students, academics, professionals and practitioners in ecology, environmental science, natural resource management, and landscape planning and design.
Aménagement du paysage --- Landscaping --- Conservation du paysage --- Landscape conservation --- environment --- Politique de l'environnement --- Environmental policies --- Protection de l'environnement --- environmental protection --- Modélisation environnementale --- Environmental modelling --- Écologie --- ecology --- Distribution spatiale --- Spatial distribution --- Dynamique des populations --- population dynamics --- Landscape ecology. --- Geografie --- Landschapskunde --- Ecologie. --- Life Sciences --- General and Others --- Ecology. --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Ecology
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water quality --- hydrology --- limnology --- waste management --- environmental modelling --- environmental restoration --- Water --- Water Pollution. --- Water Quality. --- Water Purification. --- Pollution --- Research --- Research. --- Water Treatment --- Purification, Water --- Purifications, Water --- Treatment, Water --- Treatments, Water --- Water Purifications --- Water Treatments --- Water Supply --- Quality, Water --- Thermal Water Pollution --- Water Pollution, Thermal --- Pollution, Thermal Water --- Pollution, Water --- Pollutions, Thermal Water --- Pollutions, Water --- Thermal Water Pollutions --- Water Pollutions --- Water Pollutions, Thermal --- Hydrology --- Environmental Engineering --- Waste Water Purification --- Waste Water Treatment --- Wastewater Purification --- Wastewater Treatment --- Purification, Waste Water --- Purification, Wastewater --- Treatment, Waste Water --- Treatment, Wastewater --- Waste Water Purifications --- Waste Water Treatments --- Water Purification, Waste
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Ruminants contribute significantly to human food security. However, the production of ruminants contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are responsible for climate change. GHGs such as methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide are produced from different processes of ruminant production. Ruminant enteric methane is a substantial component of methane produced by agriculture. This book presents novel and established methods in quantifying and reducing enteric methane emission from ruminants in different production systems. The book covers different types of ruminants including cattle, sheep, and goats. The chapters are contributed by scientists and authors from different parts of the world, demonstrating the importance of this problem and the universal drive for immediate and sustainable solutions. Although, biologically speaking, the production of enteric methane cannot be reduced to zero, high emissions are an indicator of inefficient digestion of feed in the rumen and low utilisation of feed energy. By presenting research that could lead to robust and yet practical quantification methods and mitigation strategies, this book not only contributes to the discourse and new knowledge on the magnitude of the problem but also brings forward potential solutions in different livestock production systems.
environmental modelling --- pasture systems --- nitrous oxide --- methane emissions --- nitrate leaching --- climate change --- heat stress --- goat --- immunization --- methane --- volatile fatty acids --- backgrounded cattle --- encapsulated nitrate --- essential oil --- nitrogen balance --- reduction strategy --- rumen fermentation --- microbial flora --- tea saponins --- Moringa oleifera --- fecal methanogenic community --- dairy cows --- mcrA gene sequencing technique --- methane emission --- tropical beef cattle --- Desmanthus --- supplementation --- growth performance --- ruminant nutrition --- legumes --- NDIR --- laser --- agreement --- enteric emissions --- interchangeability --- heifer --- forage-to-concentrate ratio --- prediction equation --- sulphur hexafluoride tracer technique --- genetic evaluation --- greenhouse gases --- environment --- dairy goat farming --- linear programming --- GHG emissions --- abatement cost --- mitigation options --- carbon footprint
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This open access book introduces readers to a new methodology for assessing the risks to the marine environment following accidental oil spills. The methodology will soon be implemented on the Norwegian Continental Shelf and will be complemented by guidelines for its use in a regulatory framework. The brief book is intended to provide international readers with a basic grasp of what the ERA Acute methodology consists of, what its applications are, and the underlying impact and restoration models used in its development. The content is divided into three main parts: an introduction and overview of risk management applications for generalists at the management level, a model overview for generalist scientists, and a more detailed final section for risk assessment professionals, which presents the results of the validation and sensitivity testing. .
Pollution. --- Water quality. --- Water pollution. --- Environmental sciences. --- Environmental monitoring. --- Pollution, general. --- Water Quality/Water Pollution. --- Environmental Science and Engineering. --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis. --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Environmental quality --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Pollution --- Environmental science --- Science --- Aquatic pollution --- Fresh water --- Fresh water pollution --- Freshwater pollution --- Inland water pollution --- Lake pollution --- Lakes --- Reservoirs --- River pollution --- Rivers --- Stream pollution --- Water contamination --- Water pollutants --- Water pollution --- Waste disposal in rivers, lakes, etc. --- Freshwater --- Freshwater quality --- Marine water quality --- Quality of water --- Seawater --- Seawater quality --- Water --- Chemical pollution --- Chemicals --- Contamination of environment --- Environmental pollution --- Contamination (Technology) --- Asbestos abatement --- Bioremediation --- Factory and trade waste --- Hazardous waste site remediation --- Hazardous wastes --- In situ remediation --- Lead abatement --- Pollutants --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Measurement --- Monitoring --- Quality --- Composition --- Environmental aspects --- Pollution, general --- Water Quality/Water Pollution --- Environmental Science and Engineering --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis --- Environmental Sciences --- Environmental Monitoring --- Oil Spills --- Environmental Risk Assessment --- Environmental Modelling --- Environmental Risk Management --- Oil Spill Impact --- Oil Spill Restoration --- Resource Damage Factor --- Open Access --- Pollution & threats to the environment --- Water supply & treatment --- Environmental science, engineering & technology
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