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Financial crises result in price and quantity rationing of otherwise creditworthy business borrowers, but little is known about the relative severity of these two types of rationing, which borrowers are rationed most, and the roles of foreign and domestic banks. Using a dataset from 50 countries containing over 18,000 business loans with information on the lender, the borrower, and contract terms, we find that publicly-listed borrowers are rationed more by prices or interest rates, whereas privately-held borrowers are rationed more by the number of loans. Also, the global financial crisis appears to have changed how banks price borrower risk. Further, there are important differences between foreign and domestic banks and between U.S. and non-U.S. loans.

Banks and Banking --- Financial Risk Management --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Industries: Financial Services --- Financial Crises --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Economic Development: Financial Markets --- Saving and Capital Investment --- Corporate Finance and Governance --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Banking --- Finance --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Monetary economics --- Foreign banks --- Loans --- Financial crises --- Bank credit --- Financial institutions --- Money --- Credit ratings --- Banks and banking, Foreign --- Banks and banking --- Credit --- United States

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In recent years, Brazil has achieved substantial progress in capital market development by building a diversified investor base and expanding the menu of available financial instruments. In this context, we evaluated the invested Brazilian market portfolio for a period spanning 2005–15. This is a portfolio of all assets proportionally weighted by their market capitalization, and it is divided in eight broad categories: government bonds, equities, bank funding bonds, corporate bonds, real-estate, agribusiness, private-equity, and credit bonds. While the paper focuses on stylized facts related to market size, composition weighting and changes over time, the estimated market portfolio contains important information for policy makers and market participants alike.

Capital market --- Capital market. --- Capital markets --- Market, Capital --- Finance --- Financial institutions --- Loans --- Money market --- Securities --- Crowding out (Economics) --- Efficient market theory --- Finance: General --- Investments: General --- Investments: Bonds --- Investments: Stocks --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook: General --- International Finance: General --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Portfolio Choice --- Investment Decisions --- International Financial Markets --- Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Latin America --- Caribbean --- Economic Development: Financial Markets --- Saving and Capital Investment --- Corporate Finance and Governance --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Investment & securities --- Sovereign bonds --- Stocks --- Bonds --- Stock markets --- Financial markets --- Financial instruments --- Stock exchanges --- Brazil

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This paper traces the story of Indian financial sector over the period 1950–2015. In identifying the trends and turns of Indian financial sector, the paper adopts a three period classification viz., (a) the 1950s and 1960s, which exhibited some elements of instability associated with laissez faire but underdeveloped banking; (b) the 1970s and 1980s that experienced the process of financial development across the country under government auspices, accompanied by a degree of financial repression; and (c) the period since the 1990s till date, that has been characterized by gradual and calibrated financial deepening and liberalization. Focusing more the third period, the paper argues that as a consequence of successive reforms over the past 25 years, there has been significant progress in making interest and exchange rates largely market determined, though the exchange rate regime remains one of managed float, and some interest rates remain administered. Considerable competition has been introduced in the banking sector through new private sector banks, but public sector banks continue have a dominant share in the market. Contractual savings systems have been improved, but pension funds in India are still in their infancy. Similarly, despite the introduction of new private sector insurance companies coverage of insurance can expand much further, which would also provide greater depth to the financial markets. The extent of development along all the segments of the financial market has not been uniform. While the equity market is quite developed, activities in the private debt market are predominantly confined to private placement form and continue to be limited to the bluechip companies. Going forward, the future areas for development in the Indian financial sector would include further reduction of public ownership in banks and insurance companies, expansion of the contractual savings system through more rapid expansion of the insurance and pension systems, greater spread of mutual funds, and development of institutional investors. It is only then that both the equity and debt markets will display greater breadth as well as depth, along with greater domestic liquidity. At the same time, while reforming the financial sector, the Indian authorities had to constantly keep the issues of equity and efficiency in mind.

Banks and banking. --- Capital market. --- Capital markets --- Market, Capital --- Finance --- Financial institutions --- Loans --- Money market --- Securities --- Crowding out (Economics) --- Efficient market theory --- Agricultural banks --- Banking --- Banking industry --- Commercial banks --- Depository institutions --- Money --- Banks and banking --- Capital market --- E-books --- Business, Economy and Management --- Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Insurance --- Industries: Financial Services --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary Policy --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Insurance Companies --- Actuarial Studies --- Economic Development: Financial Markets --- Saving and Capital Investment --- Corporate Finance and Governance --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Public Enterprises --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Insurance & actuarial studies --- Civil service & public sector --- Stock markets --- Insurance companies --- Financial markets --- Public sector --- Economic sectors --- Stock exchanges --- Finance, Public --- India

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This paper examines how financial development affects the sources of growth—productivity and investment—using a sample of 145 countries for the period 1960-2011. We employ a range of econometric approaches, focusing on the CCA and MENA countries. The analysis looks beyond financial depth to capture the access, efficiency, stability, and openness dimensions of financial development. Yet even in this broad interpretation, financial development does not appear to be a magic bullet for economic growth. We cannot confirm earlier findings of an unambiguously positive relationship between financial development, investment, and productivity. The relationship is more complex. The influence of the different dimensions of financial development on the sources of growth varies across income levels and regions.

Financial institutions --- Capital market --- Economic development --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Capital markets --- Market, Capital --- Finance --- Loans --- Money market --- Securities --- Crowding out (Economics) --- Efficient market theory --- Financial intermediaries --- Lending institutions --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- E-books --- Finance: General --- Investments: Stocks --- Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Economic Development: Financial Markets --- Saving and Capital Investment --- Corporate Finance and Governance --- Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Production --- Cost --- Capital and Total Factor Productivity --- Capacity --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Pension Funds --- Non-bank Financial Institutions --- Financial Instruments --- Institutional Investors --- Investment & securities --- Financial sector development --- Stock markets --- Total factor productivity --- Income --- Stocks --- Financial markets --- National accounts --- Financial services industry --- Stock exchanges --- Industrial productivity --- United States

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The disparity between rich and poor countries is the most serious, intractable problem facing the world today. The chronic poverty of many nations affects more than the citizens and economies of those nations; it threatens global stability as the pressures of immigration become unsustainable and rogue nations seek power and influence through extreme political and terrorist acts. To address this tenacious poverty, a vast array of international institutions has pumped billions of dollars into these nations in recent decades, yet despite this infusion of capital and attention, roughly five billion of the world's six billion people continue to live in poor countries. What isn't working? And how can we fix it? The Power of Productivity provides powerful and controversial answers to these questions. William W. Lewis, the director emeritus of the McKinsey Global Institute, here draws on extensive microeconomic studies of thirteen nations over twelve years-conducted by the Institute itself-to counter virtually all prevailing wisdom about how best to ameliorate economic disparity. Lewis's research, which included studying everything from state-of-the-art auto makers to black-market street vendors and mom-and-pop stores, conclusively demonstrates that, contrary to popular belief, providing more capital to poor nations is not the best way to help them. Nor is improving levels of education, exchange-rate flexibility, or government solvency enough. Rather, the key to improving economic conditions in poor countries, argues Lewis, is increasing productivity through intense, fair competition and protecting consumer rights. As The Power of Productivity explains, this sweeping solution affects the economies of poor nations at all levels-from the viability of major industries to how the average consumer thinks about his or her purchases. Policies must be enacted in developing nations that reflect a consumer rather than a producer mindset and an attendant sense of consumer rights. Only one force, Lewis claims, can stand up to producer special privileges-consumer interests. The Institute's unprecedented research method and Lewis's years of experience with economic policy combine to make The Power of Productivity the most authoritative and compelling view of the global economy today, one that will inform political and economic debate throughout the world for years to come.

Consumption (Economics). --- Economic development. --- Economic stabilization. --- Investments, Foreign. --- Microeconomics. --- Poverty. --- Wealth. --- Industrial productivity --- Economic policy --- Competition, International --- Consumption (Economics) --- Investments, Foreign --- Wealth --- Poverty --- Economic stabilization --- Economic development --- Microeconomics --- 338.06 --- Price theory --- Economics --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Adjustment, Economic --- Business stabilization --- Economic adjustment --- Stabilization, Economic --- Destitution --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Affluence --- Distribution of wealth --- Fortunes --- Riches --- Business --- Finance --- Capital --- Money --- Property --- Well-being --- Capital exports --- Capital imports --- FDI (Foreign direct investment) --- Foreign direct investment --- Foreign investment --- Foreign investments --- International investment --- Offshore investments --- Outward investments --- Capital movements --- Investments --- Consumer demand --- Consumer spending --- Consumerism --- Spending, Consumer --- Demand (Economic theory) --- International competition --- World economics --- International relations --- International trade --- War --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Productivity, Industrial --- TFP (Total factor productivity) --- Total factor productivity --- Industrial efficiency --- Production (Economic theory) --- Economic aspects --- Industrial productivity. --- Economic policy. --- Competition, International. --- Competition [International ] --- Concurrentie [Internationale ] --- Economische stabilisatie --- Industrie--Productivité --- Industrie--Produktiviteit --- Industriële produktiviteit --- Industry--Productivity --- Internationale concurrentie --- Investeringen [Buitenlandse ] --- Investments [Foreign ] --- Productivité industrielle --- Rijkdom --- Stabilisation économique --- Wealth [Distribution of ] --- poverty, terrorism, humanitarian aid, civil war, conflict, state violence, influence, power, rogue nations, immigration, refugees, migration, diaspora, stability, security, wealth gap, government, politics, political science, economics, nonfiction, history, capital, investment, solvency, exchange-rate flexibility, education, consumer rights, competition, productivity, economic stabilization, microeconomics, japan, korea, brazil, russia, europe, india.