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Candida albicans.

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Fungal infections represent nowadays a significant burden on the healthcare system of most of the countries, and are among the infections with the highest mortality rates. This has fostered the study of the interaction of these organisms with the human host. The outer most layer of a fungal cell is the cell wall, and together with the secreted components into the extracellular compartment, are the first lines of contact with the host cells. This interaction is critical for tissue adhesion, colonization and damage. In addition, these fungal extracellular components will define the outcome of the interaction with the host immune cells, leading either to the establishment of a protective antifungal immune response or to an immune-evasive mechanism by the fungal cell. On the other hand, our immune system has effectively evolved to deal with fungal pathogens, developing strategies for cell eradication, burden control, or antigen presentation from the innate branch to the adaptive immune response. Here, we provide a series of comprehensive review papers dealing with both aspect of the interaction fungus-immune cells: the role of virulence factors and cell wall components during such interaction, and the recent advances in the study of cellular receptors in the establishment of a protective anti-fungal immune response.

Candida albicans --- Cell Wall --- Aspergillus --- Histoplasma --- melanin --- Paraccocidioides --- Cryptococcus --- Dermatophytes --- host-fungus interaction --- Candida parapsilosis

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Nanostructured zinc oxide materials are capturing a great deal of interest thanks to their outstanding and multifunctional properties, enabling broad series of intervention in the field of nanomedicine. ZnO can be easily prepared in a broad variety of shapes and shows anticancer and antimicrobial properties that are of interest for tissue engineering, controlled delivery of therapeutics, and even theranostics. This book is thus dedicated to the most recent advances in the field, presented as a collection of research papers and reviews. It spans from the synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanomaterials to their applications in the nanomedicine field, ranging from anticancer nanotherapeutics to dental implants and antibacterial agents.

ZnO nanoparticles --- Quantum dots --- theranostic --- drug delivery --- anti-tumour --- diabetes treatment --- anti-inflammation --- antibacterial --- antifungal --- wound healing --- denture stomatitis --- polymethylmethacrylate --- zinc oxide nanoparticles --- Candida albicans --- mesoporous glasses --- ZnO-additions --- osteostatin loading --- osteosteoblast cell cultures --- osteogenic effect --- zinc oxide --- microwave solvothermal synthesis --- hydrodynamic size --- surface chemistry --- nanocrystals --- cell cytotoxicity --- Supercritical CO2 --- ibuprofen --- NsZnO --- antimicrobial activity --- n/a

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There is some talk about an antibiotic Armageddon due to quickly developing resistance towards commercially available antibiotics. For the most part, the classical antibiotic pipeline has dried up, and antibiotic resistance to any new drugs quickly develops. It is here that metal-based antimicrobials can step forward as possible solutions in this antimicrobial resistance era. The biological targets of metal atoms are more diverse, thus making it more difficult for bacteria to develop resistance compared with classical antibiotics. The metal silver has been used since antiquity for wound healing and water purification. At present, it is the most prevalent antimicrobial metal used in healthcare, industry, and consumer products. Silver is being used in the form of ionic salt, colloids, or in specific nanomaterials, and as described in this book, it can be applied as mixtures with other antimicrobials or coating composites. The different formulations are explored for their efficacy against a variety of problems related to agricultural and medical infections. Whilst by no means exhaustive, this book nicely highlights the present directions in silver-based antimicrobial research and antimicrobial formulation development. The chapters have been organized from a general introductory review to approaches of mixing other antimicrobials and materials to enhance silver performance. This is followed by synthetic approaches. First are biogenic (sometimes called green or eco-friendly) approaches, followed by advanced physical–chemical synthetic approaches. The book ends with an overview of applications through a review of patents over the past 10 years.

nanotechnology --- environmentally-friendly --- pesticide --- antimicrobial --- zebrafish --- antimicrobial activity --- biofilm --- urinary infection --- silver nanoparticles --- bacterial resistance --- silver --- nanoparticles --- Candida albicans --- Staphylococcus aureus --- herbal medicine --- Punicaceae --- calcium glycerophosphate --- Streptococcus mutans --- antibacterial --- titania --- mesoporous --- macroporous --- surface functionalization --- camphor derivatives --- silver camphorimine complexes --- laser ablation synthesis in solution --- nano-antimicrobials --- food packaging --- green synthesis --- microwave irradiation --- Juglans regia --- antibacterial activity --- biological synthesis --- multidrug-resistant bacteria --- antifungal --- chitosan oligomers --- composites --- deep eutectic solvents --- phenolic compounds --- Phytophthora cinnamomi --- root rot --- non-equilibrium plasma --- antibacterial coatings --- plasma polymers --- nanocomposites --- antibiotics --- adjuvant --- combinatorial --- metal --- ROS --- antibacterial effect --- laser irradiation --- metal-vapour method --- TEM --- XPS --- EXAFS --- microbiomes --- silane-based coating --- Marinomonas --- Anaerospora --- antibiotic resistance --- medicinal silver --- patents --- synergism --- Cephradine --- Vildagliptin --- n/a

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This Special Issue explored different topics concerning recent progress in the synthesis and characterization of suitable innovative macromolecular systems, proposed as carriers of specific antimicrobial molecules, to be employed in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. Many infectious diseases are induced by omnipresent micro-organisms, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and algae, and, consequently, are very common, accounting for a significant share of the global disease burden. Unfortunately, antimicrobial resistance, adverse effects, and the high cost of antimicrobials are crucial health challenges worldwide. One of the common efforts in addressing this issue lies in improving the existing antimicrobial delivery systems. In this regard, nanoparticles as well as three-dimensional hydrophilic systems represent valuable tools able to ensure excellent performances. Biocompatible polymeric particles, entrapping these bioactive molecules, are capable of releasing them over a desired period of time, thereby decreasing the frequency of their administration. At the same time, these systems are able to protect antimicrobial drugs from degradation, enhancing their bioavailability. This Special Issue serves to highlight and capture the contemporary progress recorded in this field.

film nanocomposite --- essential oil --- supercritical CO2 --- long-term package --- hybrid nanoparticles --- biocompatible polymer --- antimicrobial amphiphiles --- dynamic light scattering --- scanning electron microscopy --- cell viability from counting of colony-forming unities --- antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles --- Escherichia coli --- Staphylococcus aureus --- Candida albicans --- hydrogel --- polyvinyl alcohol --- aliphatic dicarboxylic acids --- sustained release --- linezolid --- equilibrium swelling ratio --- accumulative release --- thermogravimetric analysis --- gram-negative bacteria --- multidrug resistance --- polymer therapeutics --- colistin --- polymyxin B --- nanoliposomes --- MDR-Bacteria --- chitosan --- nanotechnologies --- plant extracts --- agro-food-wastes --- antimicrobial agents --- polymeric nanocarriers --- mixed polymeric micelles --- drug delivery --- antibiotics --- Pluronic F127 --- antimicrobial agent --- polymeric nanomaterial --- self-assembly --- antimicrobial peptide --- silver nanoparticle --- anti-biofilm --- wound healing --- bromelain --- nisin --- bioactivity --- biomedicine --- carrier --- n/a