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Orchids are fascinating, with attractive flowers that sell in the markets and an increasing demand around the world. Additionally, some orchids are edible or scented and have long been used in preparations of traditional medicine.This book presents recent advances in orchid biochemistry, including original research articles and reviews. It provides in-depth insights into the biology of flower pigments, floral scent formation, bioactive compounds, pollination, and plant–microbial interaction as well as the biotechnology of protocorm-like bodies in orchids. It reveals the secret of orchid biology using molecular tools, advanced biotechnology, multi-omics, and high-throughput technologies and offers a critical reference for the readers.This book explores the knowledge about species evolution using comparative transcriptomics, flower spot patterning, involving the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways, the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis, which contributes to leaf color formation, gene regulation in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds, the mechanism of pollination, involving the biosynthesis of semiochemicals, gene expression patterns of volatile organic compounds, the symbiotic relationship between orchids and mycorrhizal fungi, techniques using induction, proliferation, and regeneration of protocorm-like bodies, and so on. In this book, important or model orchid species were studied, including Anoectochilus roxburghii, Bletilla striata, Cymbidium sinense, Dendrobium officinale, Ophrys insectifera, Phalaenopsis ‘Panda’, Pleione limprichtii.

Phalaenopsis --- transcriptome --- microRNA --- anthocyanin biosynthesis --- molecular mechanism --- coelonin --- Bletilla striata --- anti-inflammation --- signal pathway --- cell-cycle arrest --- PTEN --- Dendrobium officinale --- PLP_deC --- bioinformatics --- expression pattern analysis --- evolution --- Pleione limprichtii --- flower color polymorphism --- variation within populations --- metabolome analysis --- anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway --- RNA sequencing --- transcription factor --- Dendrobium --- molecular identification --- endophytic fungi --- pathogenicity --- protocorm --- seedling --- Anoectochilus roxburghii --- Ceratobasidium sp. --- metabolome and transcriptome analyses --- flavonoid --- HPLC-MS/MS --- qRT-PCR --- Ophrys --- sexual deception --- semiochemicals --- fly orchid --- pollination --- comparative transcriptome --- active ingredients --- different tissues --- biotechnology --- breeding --- mass propagation --- Orchidaceae --- protocorm-like bodies --- somaclonal variation --- somatic embryogenesis --- Cymbidium --- floral scents --- volatile organic compounds --- metabolomic analysis --- differential metabolites --- enzyme activity --- gene expression --- leaf color --- Cymbidium sinense --- n/a

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Mycotoxins are a Public Health concern that in last year have reached the top 10 food and product hazard categories in the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF), with almost six hundred notifications. The toxicological effects of mycotoxins are evaluated through the extrapolation of results from in vivo and in vitro assays. Studies of mycotoxins’ effects at the cellular level precede those in organs and systems. All these studies are key steps for risk assessment and following legislation for mycotoxins. This Special Issue of Toxins comprises 10 original contributions and two reviews. The Issue reports new findings regarding toxic mechanisms, the use of innovative techniques to study the potential toxicity of mycotoxins not only individually but in combination, reflecting a real scenario according to current studies of mycotoxins.

Destruxin A --- Bombyx mori --- binding protein --- BmTudor-sn --- Bm12 cell --- Ochratoxin A (OTA) --- human Stem Cells --- mycotoxins --- cells --- cytotoxicity --- cell culture --- T-2 toxin --- HT-2 toxin --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- endophyte --- fungi --- neurotoxin --- lolitrems --- ochratoxin A --- beauvericin --- mixtures --- HepG2 cells --- genotoxicity --- cell cycle --- Fusarium --- Aspergillus --- Penicillium --- Alternaria --- emerging mycotoxin --- in vitro --- IPEC-J2 --- occurrence data --- trichothecene --- biosynthetic pathway --- acetyltransferase --- deacetylase --- deoxynivalenol --- 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol --- isotrichodermol --- isotrichodermin --- differentiated Caco-2 cells --- cell apoptosis --- transcriptome analysis --- hepatocyte --- chicken --- acute toxicity --- combined toxicity --- cell protection --- silibinin --- in silico prediction --- co-culture models --- mycotoxin interaction --- Loewe additivity --- combination index --- isobologram --- Chou-Talalay method --- MixLow --- IPEC-J2 cells --- RNA-seq --- inflammation --- MAPKs --- n/a --- Medicine.

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Many research teams are working to demonstrate that microorganisms can be our daily partners, due to the great diversity of biochemical transformations and molecules they are able to produce. This Special Issue highlights several facets of the production of microbial metabolites of interest. From the discovery of new strains or new bioactive molecules issued from novel environments, to the increase in their synthesis by traditional or innovative methods, different levels of biotechnological processes are addressed. Combining the new dimensions of "Omics" sciences, such as genomics, transcriptomics or metabolomics, microbial biotechnologies are opening up incredible opportunities for discovering and improving microorganisms and their production.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) --- polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) --- mutant strain --- Aurantiochytrium sp. --- transcriptome --- Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris --- 6-pentyl-α-pyrone --- antibiosis --- Trichoderma --- secondary metabolites --- antibiofilm --- Gram-negative bacterium --- antibiotic resistance --- natural products --- angucycline --- aquayamycin --- glycosyltransferase --- Lake Baikal --- Streptomyces --- Talaromyces albobiverticillius 30548 --- submerged fermentation --- pigments --- biomass --- optimization --- Box–Behnken experimental design --- response surface modeling --- carnosic acid --- propolis --- antifungal action --- synergy --- Candida albicans --- biofilms --- sponges --- actinomycetes --- cryptic --- Micromonospora --- Nocardia --- Gordonia --- mycolic acid --- LC-HRESIMS --- N-functionalized amines --- N-methylanthranilate --- Corynebacterium glutamicum --- metabolic engineering --- sustainable production of quinoline precursors --- acridone --- quinazoline alkaloid drugs --- SARS-CoV-2 --- Covid-19 --- Mpro --- microbial natural products --- docking --- molecular dynamic simulation --- Serratiochelin A --- Serratiochelin C --- Serratia sp. --- siderophore --- iron --- anticancer --- microbial biotechnology --- degradation --- antibacterial --- S. aureus --- sparkling wine --- second fermentation --- fermentation by-products --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae flor yeast --- proteins --- Scopalina hapalia --- Actinomycetes --- Bacillus --- Fungi --- elastase inhibition --- tyrosinase inhibition --- CDK7 inhibition --- Fyn kinase inhibition --- catalase activation --- sirtuin 1 activation --- Curvularia papendorfii --- endophytic fungi --- human coronavirus HCoV 229E --- Staphylococcus sp. --- MRSA --- antiproliferative activity --- polyhydroxyacid --- kheiric acid --- insect --- mealworm --- gut bacteria --- OSMAC --- cyclic peptides --- biosynthetic pathway --- autophagy inducer --- fermentation --- Lactococcus lactis --- bacteriocin --- culture conditions --- medium compositions --- lactic acid fermentation --- Pediococcus acidilactici PA204 --- simultaneous saccharification and fermentation --- corn stover --- pyocyanin --- maize industry wastewater --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa NEJ01R --- redox metabolite --- response surface analysis --- bioproduction --- valorization --- electrochemical analysis --- sugarcane --- distillery waste water --- molasses spent wash --- vinasse --- fungi --- yeasts --- bioremediation --- COD --- discoloration --- antimicrobial --- antioxidant --- GNPS --- textiles --- cation-exchange resin --- adsorption --- removal --- ammonium --- cell viability --- mutant gdhA P. multocida B:2 --- cyanobacteria --- photosynthesis --- synthetic biology --- systems biology --- genome-scale model --- protoplast fusion --- novel compound discovery --- cell wall-deficiency --- heteroploidy --- Talaromyces --- azaphilone --- marine fungi --- N-threonyl-rubropunctamin --- PP-R --- greener extraction --- red pigments --- fungal pigments --- antinematode compound --- anthelminthic drugs --- marine epiphytic bacteria --- marine biofilm --- marine environment --- parasitic nematode --- Caenorhabditis elegans --- natural colors --- bio-pigments --- quorum sensing --- marine bacteria --- biosynthesis --- biological activities --- industrial applications --- therapeutic insights --- global pigment market --- terpenoids --- sesquiterpene production --- Rhodobacter capsulatus --- β-caryophyllene --- bioactivity --- phytopathogens --- plant pathogenic fungi --- plant growth-promoting bacteria --- microorganisms --- biotechnology --- screening --- production --- extraction --- bioactive properties --- perspectives