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Zirconium. --- Titanium group

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Fluorite-based oxide materials such as stabilized zriconias, doped cerias, and urania represent a group of the most important key engineering materials in our modern society, with their well-known various electrochemical, ceramic and nuclear etc. applications. This is primarily due to their multi-lateral excellent physical/chemical properties such as high chemical/structure stability, high oxide ion conductivity, superior mechanical strength, and unique nuclear properties, and so on. For example, urania UO2 and urania-plutonia mixed-oxide (U,Pu)O2 are almost exclusively used to represent nucle

Fluorides --- Fluorspar --- Zirconium oxide --- Zirconia --- Zirconium dioxide --- Oxides --- Zirconium compounds --- Derbyshire spar --- Florspar --- Fluor --- Fluor spar --- Fluorite --- Murra --- Murrha --- Murrhina --- Myrrha --- Halide minerals --- Calcium fluoride --- Fluorine compounds --- Halides --- Industrial applications.

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Barium compounds. --- Ceramic materials. --- Ceramic powders. --- Nanoparticles. --- Titanium compounds. --- Zirconium compounds.

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By drawing together the current theoretical and experimental understanding of the phenomena of delayed hydride cracking (DHC) in zirconium alloys, The Effect of Hydrogen and Hydrides on the Integrity of Zirconium Alloy Components: Delayed Hydride Cracking provides a detailed explanation focusing on the properties of hydrogen and hydrides in these alloys. Whilst the focus lies on zirconium alloys, the combination of both the empirical and mechanistic approaches creates a solid understanding that can also be applied to other hydride forming metals.   This up-to-date reference focuses on documented research surrounding DHC, including current methodologies for design and assessment of the results of periodic in-service inspections of pressure tubes in nuclear reactors. Emphasis is placed on showing that our understanding of DHC is supported by progress across a broad range of fields. These include hysteresis associated with first-order phase transformations; phase relationships in coherent crystalline metallic solids; diffusion of substitutional and interstitial atoms in crystalline solids; and continuum fracture and solid mechanics. Furthermore, an account of current methodologies is given, illustrating how such understanding of hydrogen, hydrides and DHC in zirconium alloys underpins these methodologies for assessments of real life cases in the Canadian nuclear industry.   The all-encompassing approach makes The Effect of Hydrogen and Hydrides on the Integrity of Zirconium Alloy Component: Delayed Hydride Cracking an ideal reference source for students, researchers and industry professionals alike.

Engineering. --- Nuclear reactors -- Materials. --- Zirconium alloys -- Fracture. --- Zirconium alloys -- Hydrogen content. --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Electrical & Computer Engineering --- Electrical Engineering --- Materials Science --- Applied Mathematics --- Zirconium alloys --- Nuclear reactors --- Hydrogen content. --- Fracture. --- Materials. --- Nuclear energy. --- Chemical engineering. --- Continuum mechanics. --- Nuclear engineering. --- Metals. --- Continuum Mechanics and Mechanics of Materials. --- Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering. --- Metallic Materials. --- Nuclear Engineering. --- Nuclear Energy. --- Metallic elements --- Chemical elements --- Ores --- Metallurgy --- Atomic power engineering --- Engineering --- Nuclear physics --- Nuclear energy --- Mechanics of continua --- Elasticity --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Field theory (Physics) --- Chemistry, Industrial --- Engineering, Chemical --- Industrial chemistry --- Chemistry, Technical --- Atomic energy --- Atomic power --- Energy, Atomic --- Energy, Nuclear --- Nuclear power --- Power, Atomic --- Power, Nuclear --- Force and energy --- Power resources --- Nuclear engineering --- Nuclear facilities --- Nuclear power plants --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Gases in metals --- Hydrogen --- Mechanics. --- Mechanics, Applied. --- Solid Mechanics. --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Applied mechanics --- Engineering, Mechanical --- Engineering mathematics --- Classical mechanics --- Newtonian mechanics --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Quantum theory --- Materials

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Using the nanometric resolution of atomic force microscopy techniques, this work explores the rich fundamental physics and novel functionalities of domain walls in ferroelectric materials, the nanoscale interfaces separating regions of differently oriented spontaneous polarization. Due to the local symmetry-breaking caused by the change in polarization, domain walls are found to possess an unexpected lateral piezoelectric response, even when this is symmetry-forbidden in the parent material. This has interesting potential applications in electromechanical devices based on ferroelectric domain patterning. Moreover, electrical conduction is shown to arise at domain walls in otherwise insulating lead zirconate titanate, the first such observation outside of multiferroic bismuth ferrite, due to the tendency of the walls to localize defects. The role of defects is then explored in the theoretical framework of disordered elastic interfaces possessing a characteristic roughness scaling and complex dynamic response. It is shown that the heterogeneous disorder landscape in ferroelectric thin films leads to a breakdown of the usual self-affine roughness, possibly related to strong pinning at individual defects. Finally, the roles of varying environmental conditions and defect densities in domain switching are explored, and shown to be adequately modelled as a competition between screening effects and pinning.

Domain structure. --- Lead zirconate titanate. --- Ferroelectric crystals. --- Ferroelectric thin films. --- Atomic force microscopy. --- Domain configuration --- Ferromagnetic domain --- Magnetic domain --- Crystals --- Ferroelectricity --- Ferromagnetism --- Magnetic bubbles --- AFM (Microscopy) --- Scanning probe microscopy --- Thin films --- Ferroelectrics --- Lead titanate zirconate --- Lead titanium zirconium oxide --- Lead zirconium titanate --- Plumbum zirconate-titanate --- PZT (Piezoelectric ceramics) --- Lead compounds --- Oxides --- Piezoelectric ceramics --- Titanium compounds --- Zirconates --- Optical materials. --- Nanotechnology. --- Surface and Interface Science, Thin Films. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Nanoscale Science and Technology. --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Optics --- Materials --- Surfaces (Physics). --- Interfaces (Physical sciences). --- Thin films. --- Electronic materials. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Nanoscale science. --- Nanoscience. --- Nanostructures. --- Nanoscience --- Physics --- Nano science --- Nanoscale science --- Nanosciences --- Science --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectrometry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Electronic materials --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Physics) --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Films, Thin --- Solid film --- Solid state electronics --- Solids --- Coatings --- Thick films --- Qualitative --- Analytical chemistry