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Environmental stress factors negatively affect plant growth by inducing proteins dysfunction. As coping strategies, plant have developed a comprehensive protein quality controlling system (PQCS) to keep proteins homeostasis. In this research topic of “Protein Quality Controlling Systems in Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses”, some latest researches and opinions in this field, including heat shock proteins (HSPs), unfolded protein response (UPR), ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy, were reported, aiming to provide novel insights for increasing crop production under environmental challenges.

unfolded protein response --- proteasome --- environmental stress --- autophagy --- plant --- heat shock proteins

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a manufacturing unit in eukaryotic cells required for the synthesis of proteins, lipids, metabolites and hormones. Besides supporting cellular signalling networks by its anabolic function, the ER on its own or in communication with other organelles directly initiates signalling processes of physiological significance. Based on the intimate and immediate involvement in stress signalling the ER is considered as sensory organelle on which cells strongly rely to effectively translate environmental cues into adaptive stress responses. The transcellular distribution of the ER providing comprehensive cell-to-cell connections in multicellular organisms probably allows a concerted action of cell alliances and tissue areas towards environmental constraints. At the cellular level, stress adaptation correlates with the capability of the ER machinery to synthesise proteins participating in stress signalling as well as in the activation of ER membrane localised proteins to start cell-protective signalling processes. Importantly, depending on the stress insult, the ER either supports protective strategies or initiates cell death programmes. Recent, genetic, molecular and cell biological studies have drawn an initial picture of underlying signalling events activated by ER membrane localised proteins. In this Research Topic, we will provide a platform for articles describing research on ER morphology and metabolism with a focus on stress translation. The Research Topic will be sub-divided into the following sections: 1. ER in stress signalling and adaptation; 2. ER structure and biosynthetic functions; 3. Regulation of protein processing; 4. Regulation of programmed cell death.

Endoplasmic reticulum. --- Botany. --- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. --- Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum --- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stresses --- Reticulum Stress, Endoplasmic --- Reticulum Stresses, Endoplasmic --- Stresses, Endoplasmic Reticulum --- Unfolded Protein Response --- Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation --- Botanical science --- Floristic botany --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Biology --- Natural history --- Plants --- Cell organelles --- Myosins --- cysteine endopeptidase --- ER associated degradation --- ER bodies --- programmed cell death --- bZIP transcription factors --- caspase

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This book is a collection of articles from the Cells Special Issue on “Ubiquitin and Autophagy”. It contains an Editorial and 13 articles at the intersection of ubiquitin- and autophagy-related processes. Ubiquitin is a small protein modifier that is widely used to tag proteins, organelles, and pathogens for their degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasome system and/or autophagy–lysosomal pathway. Interestingly, several ubiquitin-like proteins are at a core of the autophagy mechanism. This book dedicates a lot of attention to the crosstalk between the ubiquitin–proteasome system and autophagy and serves as a good starting point for the readers interested in the current state of the knowledge on ubiquitin and autophagy.

PSMD14 --- ubiquitin --- retrograde --- trafficking --- APP --- autophagy --- Cx43 --- GABARAP --- gap junction --- MAPLC3 --- leukodystrophies --- globoid cell leukodystrophy --- psychosine --- p62 --- proteasome --- toll-like receptor 4 --- TRAF6 --- BECN1 --- ATG12~5/16 complex --- Dictyostelium --- ubiquitin-like protein --- phagocytosis --- pinocytosis --- UPS --- ubiquitin–proteasome system --- crosstalk --- tissue specificity --- C. elegans --- NFAT5 --- autophagy initiation --- islet --- FIP200 --- unfolded protein response --- UPR --- Atg8 --- LC3 --- LIR motif --- SAR --- UBL --- neurodegenerative diseases --- autophagy–lysosome pathway --- lysosome --- selective autophagy --- ubiquitination --- degradation --- the ubiquitin-proteasome system --- plants --- mitophagy --- aggrephagy --- lysophagy --- xenophagy --- lipophagy --- nucleophagy --- ER-phagy --- cargo receptors --- sorting nexins --- retromer --- endosome --- n/a --- ubiquitin-proteasome system --- autophagy-lysosome pathway

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The cooperation of highly specialized cell types maintains the homeostasis of multicellular organisms. The disturbance of that harmony contributes to the development of several diseases. Most of the cellular functions are executed by proteins, so it is essential to investigate biological processes at the protein level. Antibodies, complex biomolecules with high specificity, are used to recognize our protein of interest in a process known as “immunophenotyping”. One of the routinely used methods to study cellular proteins is flow cytometry, which detects cell surface or intracellular proteins at single-cell resolution. The other most frequent technique is the traditional immunohistochemical investigation of microscopic sections of human tissues. We called authors to publish their latest data studying cancer or autoimmune diseases by immunophenotyping.

CD8+CD28− T cells --- cancer immunology --- glioblastoma --- immunotherapy --- malignant glioma --- cancer --- accidental cell death --- oncosis --- DDR --- parthanatos --- flow cytometry --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- T cells --- glycosylation --- sialylation --- lectin binding --- glycosylation enzymes --- galectin 1 --- choriocarcinoma --- hydatidiform mole --- galectin --- gestational trophoblastic disease --- placental-specific gene --- systems biology --- trophoblast differentiation --- B cells --- non-switched B cells --- systemic sclerosis --- dcSSc --- TLR --- CD180 --- RP105 --- CpG --- IL-6 --- IL-10 --- natural autoantibodies --- IgM --- citrate synthase --- DNA topoisomerase I --- unfolded protein response --- Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) --- PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) --- Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) --- Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) --- immune cells --- T cell --- macrophage --- tumor microenvironment --- single cell mass cytometry --- metastatic breast cancer --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- immunophenotyping --- breast cancer --- trastuzumab --- chimeric antigen receptor --- cell therapy --- neuroendocrine neoplasia --- neuroendocrine tumor --- neuroendocrine carcinoma --- immunohistochemistry --- syntaxin 1

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Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are the most common pathologies of the central nervous system currently without a cure. They share common molecular and cellular characteristics, including protein misfolding, mitochondrial dysfunction, glutamate toxicity, dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and ageing, which contribute to neuronal death. Efforts to treat these diseases are often limited by their multifactorial etiology. Natural products, thanks to their multitarget activities, are considered promising alternatives for the treatment of neurodegeneration. This book deals with two different forms of natural products: extracts and isolated compounds. The study of the bioactivity of the extracts is extremely important as many studies have demonstrated the synergistic effect of the combination of different natural products. On the other hand, the investigation of the activity of specifically isolated natural products can be also important to understand their cellular and molecular mechanisms and to define the specific bioactive components in extracts or foods. This book can be considered an important contribution to knowledge of the neuroprotective effect of natural products and presents a great deal of information, related to both the benefits but also the limitations of their use in counteracting neurodegeneration.

Vitamin D --- Multiple Sclerosis --- symptom --- neurodegeneration --- oxidative injury --- Parkinson’s disease --- terpenes, rotenone --- thymol --- Alzheimer’s disease --- Centella asiatica --- hippocampus --- protein poshophatase 2 --- glycogen synthase kinase 3 --- B-cell lymphoma 2 --- neuroprotection --- nutraceuticals --- bioavailability --- stress response --- neurodegenerative disease --- bioactive compound --- natural extract --- β-amyloid peptide --- tau protein --- clinical trial --- human studies --- animal studies --- in vitro studies --- curcumin --- free radicals --- heme oxygenase --- safety profile --- type 2 diabetes --- inflammation --- vascular damage --- learning --- memory --- natural compound --- oxidative stress --- cognitive dysfunction --- cell death --- synapse loss --- protein aggregation --- neuroinflammation --- algae --- seaweeds --- neurodegenerative diseases --- auraptene --- dopamine neuron --- antioxidant --- mitochondria --- Chionanthus retusus --- flavonoid --- flower --- HO-1 --- NO --- Lippia citriodora --- VEE --- Vs --- relaxation --- depression --- cyclic AMP --- calcium --- blood–brain barrier --- catechin --- cognition --- epigallocatechin gallate --- green tea --- microbiota --- 5-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone --- ascaroside pheromone --- C. elegans --- dauer --- neuronal signaling --- sexual behavior --- survival signals --- proteostasis --- chaperones --- autophagy --- ubiquitin-proteasome --- unfolded protein response --- natural compounds --- natural products --- ethics --- patients’ autonomy --- beneficence --- nonmaleficence --- medical liability --- Parkinson’s disease (PD) --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- dynamics --- hormesis --- ubiquitin‒proteasome system (UPS) --- mitophagy --- n/a --- Parkinson's disease --- Alzheimer's disease --- blood-brain barrier --- patients' autonomy --- Parkinson's disease (PD)