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How can the salience of ethnicity in Rwandan and Burundian politics be overcome? How can this salience be approached analytically? And why, exactly, is it that it is potentially conflict-prone? This book gives answers to these questions on the basis of what Rwandan and Burundian interviewees expressed as taken for granted and real. In particular, it focuses on different political institutional models, and how they help to overcome an ethnic interpretation of political and social exclusion. Despite the diverging institutional approaches to dealing with ethnic cleavages, the qualitative analysis shows that political and social exclusion, in particular the distribution of power, are interpreted in ethnic terms in both countries. Focusing on notions taken for granted by Rwandan and Burundian interviewees, the book demonstrates, how deeply intertwined ethnicity and politics are in Rwanda and Burundi today.

Burundi -- Ethnic relations. --- Burundi -- Politics and government -- 1993-. --- Rwanda -- Ethnic relations. --- Rwanda -- Politics and government -- 1994-. --- Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Political Science Theory --- Minorities --- Political activity --- Rwanda --- Burundi --- Ethnic relations. --- Politics and government --- Ethnic minorities --- Foreign population --- Minority groups --- Urundi --- Royaume du Burundi --- Résidence de l'Urundi --- Kingdom of Burundi --- Ingoma y'i Burundi --- République du Burundi --- Republika y'Uburundi --- Gouvernement de transition du Burundi --- Political science. --- Comparative politics. --- Political Science and International Relations. --- Comparative Politics. --- Persons --- Assimilation (Sociology) --- Discrimination --- Ethnic relations --- Majorities --- Plebiscite --- Race relations --- Segregation --- ブルンジ --- Burunji --- Бурунди --- בורונדי --- Ruanda-Urundi --- Comparative political systems --- Comparative politics --- Government, Comparative --- Political systems, Comparative --- Political science

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KEY ISSUES Context: Since the last Article IV Consultation in 2012, notable progress has been achieved to enhance macroeconomic stability, underpinned by the Fund-supported program. However, continued progress could be tested as the country faces a more challenging environment, due to increasing social and political tensions and frequent strikes in the run-up to the 2015 elections. Moreover, recent political developments reinforce uncertainties surrounding external budget support. Program: The Executive Board approved the three-year arrangement under the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) on January 27, 2012, with a total access of SDR 30 million. The first, second, third, and fourth reviews were completed on July 27, 2012, February 14, 2013, September 6, 2013, and February 28, 2014, respectively. For the fifth review, all end-March performance criteria were observed, but fiscal revenues underperformed in the first quarter of 2014 requiring corrective fiscal measures (about 1 percent of GDP on an annual basis). Satisfactory progress has been made on structural reforms, albeit with some delays. Outlook and risks: The medium-term macroeconomic outlook is challenging. The principal near-term risk is an intensification of election-related uncertainty, economic disruptions and violence, which would affect investment and growth. Governance issues or delays in making measurable progress in public financial management (PFM) reforms, and heightening of political tensions could curtail donor support. Reintegrating repatriated refugees is likely to add to unemployment pressures, increase demand for public services, and exacerbate social conflict over access to land. Staff Views: The staff recommends the completion of the fifth review under the ECF arrangement, setting of revised performance criteria and indicative targets for September–December 2014, and disbursement of SDR 5 million. The authorities have consented to the publication of this report following the completion of the review.

Economic indicators --- Economic forecasting --- Business indicators --- Indicators, Business --- Indicators, Economic --- Leading indicators --- Economic history --- Quality of life --- Index numbers (Economics) --- Social indicators --- Economics --- Forecasting --- Burundi --- Bulongdi --- Burunji --- Gouvernement de transition du Burundi --- Ingoma y'i Burundi --- Kingdom of Burundi --- Republic of Burundi --- Republika y'Uburundi --- République du Burundi --- Résidence de l'Urundi --- Royaume du Burundi --- Urundi --- Бурунди --- בורונדי --- بوروندي --- ブルンジ --- 布隆迪 --- Ruanda-Urundi --- Economic conditions. --- Economic policy. --- International Monetary Fund --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- E-books --- Banks and Banking --- Foreign Exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Statistics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology --- Computer Programs: Other --- Fiscal Policy --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Public Administration --- Public Sector Accounting and Audits --- General Aggregative Models: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Banking --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Monetary economics --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Government finance statistics --- Exchange rate flexibility --- Fiscal policy --- Economic and financial statistics --- Fiscal risks --- National accounts --- Public debt --- Banks and banking --- Finance, Public --- Finance --- National income --- Burundi -- Economic conditions. --- Burundi -- Economic policy. --- Economic forecasting -- Burundi. --- Economic indicators -- Burundi.