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Soft drinks with pHs lower than 4. 0 are subjected to minimum pasteuri- tion at 65 °C for 10 min as required by the Japanese Food Sanitation Law. Not only pathogenic bacteria but most spore-forming bacteria are unable to grow at this low pH condition, and thus reports of microbial spoilage in pasteurized acidic soft drinks are rare. Since 1982, when the spoilage of aseptically packed apple juice was - tributed to a new type of acidophilic spore-forming bacteria in Germany, a succession of similar complaints regarding other fruit juice concentrates and their products has been received. In the beginning, the bacteria were classified in the genus Bacillus, but later, in 1992, the new genus Ali- clobacillus was proposed owing to their characteristic cellular membranes containing omega-alicyclic fatty acids. A group of Alicyclobacillus strains, responsible for the tainting of fruit juices, was then described as A. a- doterrestris in 1999. They are acidophilic and grow preferably at around pH 4. 0. They are thermophilic and grow better at temperatures above 40 °C. This indicates that we might have been missing them by our or- nary methods of bacterial detection at pH 7. 0 and 35 °C. Their spores are not inactivated by the pasteurizing conditions generally applied to juice concentrates and juice-containing beverages. Above all, because the bac- ria do not produce gas, consumers do not see any sign of spoilage until they open the product and notice its unpleasant taint.

Thermophilic bacteria. --- Fruit juices --- Health aspects. --- Fruit juice --- Juices, Fruit --- Beverages --- Bacteria, Thermophilic --- Bacteria --- Thermophilic microorganisms --- Microbiology. --- Food science. --- Bacteriology. --- Food Science. --- Science --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Microbiology --- Food—Biotechnology.

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The existence of life at high temperatures is quiet fascinating. At elevated temperatures, only microorganisms are capable of growth and survival. Many thermophilic microbial genera have been isolated from man-made (washing machines, factory effluents, waste streams and acid mine effluents) and natural (volcanic areas, geothermal areas, terrestrial hot springs, submarine hydrothermal vents, geothermally heated oil reserves and oil wells, sun-heated litter and soils/sediments) thermal habitats throughout the world. Both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches have been employed for understanding the diversity of microbes in hot environments. Interest in their diversity, ecology, and physiology has increased enormously during the past few decades as indicated by the deliberations in international conferences on extremophiles and thermophiles held every alternate year and papers published in journals such as Extremophiles. Thermophilic moulds and bacteria have been extensively studied in plant biomass bioconversion processes as sources of industrial enzymes and as gene donors. In the development of third generation biofuels such as bioethanol, thermophilic fungal and bacterial enzymes are of particular interest. The book is aimed at bringing together scattered up-to-date information on various aspects of thermophiles such as the diversity of thermophiles and viruses of thermophiles, their potential roles in pollution control and bioremediation, and composting.

Microbial metabolism. --- Microbiology. --- Microorganisms. --- Thermophilic microorganisms --- Microbial biotechnology --- Physiological Processes --- Organisms --- Temperature --- Phenomena and Processes --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Biology --- Thermodynamics --- Physiological Phenomena --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Physical Phenomena --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Genetics --- Bacteria --- Archaea --- Biotechnology --- Hot Temperature --- Microbiological Phenomena --- Adaptation, Physiological --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Bioengineering --- Thermophilic bacteria. --- Thermophilic fungi --- Biotechnology. --- Bacteria, Thermophilic --- Medicine. --- Bacteriology. --- Entomology. --- Waste management. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Applied Microbiology. --- Eukaryotic Microbiology. --- Waste Management/Waste Technology. --- Waste disposal. --- Microbiology --- Insects --- Zoology --- Microbial biology --- Microorganisms --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Health Workforce --- Biomedicine, general.