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Aging. --- Cartilage. --- Osteoarthritis. --- Telomere.

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This book, Telomere - A Complex End of a Chromosome, is organized into nine chapters containing the latest aspects of the current knowledge about the structure of telomeres and the crucial role that telomerase plays not only in maintaining chromosomal stability but also in relation to cell immortality, cell instability, and cancer biology. We now appreciate that these unusual complexes of DNA and proteins we all know as ""telomeres"" are dynamic and key structures that depend on telomerase and other cellular factors for continuance. Regulation of telomere activity is a dynamic area of current research, and new insights into telomeres and their role in aging and cancer, among other biological functions and pathologies, appear regularly in the scientific world. However, one fact is more than understandable in this difficult biological conundrum: the end of the telomere story is far from being totally unraveled.

Telomere. --- Telomeres --- Chromosomes --- Life Sciences --- Genetics and Molecular Biology --- Karyology --- Biochemistry --- Microbial Genetics

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In this book, we present a collection of articles covering a wide range of current aging research and highlighting its prospects and future directions. These articles are based on or related to the topics of the 3rd International Conference «Genetics of aging and longevity». The Conference took place 6-10 April, 2014 in Sochi, the city located on the Black Sea coast near the Caucasian mountains, in Russia. Top gerontologists and geneticists from 31 countries around the world came together to discuss current problems in many areas related to the genetics of longevity and mechanisms of aging. We would like to thank those of them who contributed to this e-Book by sharing latest achievements, ideas and hypotheses. We hope that this e-Book will come to notice of scientists interested in the development of genetics of aging and longevity and in the search for life-beneficial environments and life-prolonging interventions.

stress --- Mitochondria --- Nervous System --- Tor --- Aging --- Longevity --- Metabolism --- redox status --- Lifespan --- Telomere

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What controls the different rates of evolution to give rise to conserved and divergent proteins and RNAs? How many trials until evolution can adapt to physiological changes? Every organism has arisen through multiple molecular changes, and the mechanisms that are employed (mutagenesis, recombination, transposition) have been an issue left to the elegant discipline of evolutionary biology. But behind the theory are realities that we have yet to ascertain: How does an evolving cell accommodate its requirements for both conserving its essential functions, while also providing a selective advantage? In this volume, we focus on the evolution of the eukaryotic telomere, the ribo-nuclear protein complex at the end of a linear chromosome. The telomere is an example of a single chromosomal element that must function to maintain genomic stability. The telomeres of all species must provide a means to avoid the attrition from semi-conservative DNA replication and a means of telomere elongation (the telomere replication problem). For example, telomerase is the most well-studied mechanism to circumvent telomere attrition by adding the short repeats that constitutes most telomeres. The telomere must also guard against the multiple activities that can act on an unprotected double strand break requiring a window (or checkpoint) to compensate for telomere sequence loss as well as protection against non-specific processes (the telomere protection problem). This volume describes a range of methodologies including mechanistic studies, phylogenetic comparisons and data-based theoretical approaches to study telomere evolution over a broad spectrum of organisms that includes plants, animals and fungi. In telomeres that are elongated by telomerases, different components have widely different rates of evolution. Telomerases evolved from roots in archaebacteria including splicing factors and LTR-transposition. At the conserved level, the telomere is a rebel among double strand breaks (DSBs) and has altered the function of the highly conserved proteins of the ATM pathway into an elegant means of protecting the chromosome end and maintaining telomere size homeostasis through a competition of positive and negative factors. This homeostasis, coupled with highly conserved capping proteins, is sufficient for protection. However, far more proteins are present at the telomere to provide additional species-specific functions. Do these proteins provide insight into how the cell allows for rapid change without self-destruction?

Arabidopsis --- TERL proteins --- IncRNA --- Candida Saccharomyces --- evolution --- retrotransposons --- Telomere --- paralog --- Vertebrates --- t-loops --- Model --- TRF proteins

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Timing, racing, combating, struggling and targeting is some actions through which cellular fate could be reflected and evaluated. Interaction between cell territory and environment occur during pre-embryonic, fetal development, and post-natal periods. What the researchers observe as the outcome of telomeres behavior is only the peak of an ice mountain within a stormy ocean. Cellular life depends on programmed behavior of telomeres, capable to surprise the cells. Telomeres provide an introduction to the history of our cells which govern the quality of life and status of health. Telomeres as the cooperative territory are capable of stabilizing the chromosomal territory. The status of telomeres reflects the key information, announcing the real age of individuals, and may be a valuable marker for prognosis and predicting cancer. Telomere territory is characterized with a multi-disciplinary manner. Therefore, this book is aimed to offer a wide range of chapters, hoping to be useful for diverse audiences, including hematologists-oncologists, radiotherapists, surgeons, cancer researchers, and all the sectors who affect the macro- and micro- environmental domains. Finally, telomeres are sensitive, cooperative, and trustable targets. It is worth to state that ‘telomeres are messengers of NATURE’, let’s to know them as they are.

Aging Longevity. --- Telomere --- Telomerase --- Cancer cells --- Chromosome Structures --- Ribonucleoproteins --- RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase --- Diseases --- RNA-Binding Proteins --- DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase --- Genetic Structures --- Chromosomes --- Intranuclear Space --- DNA Nucleotidyltransferases --- Nucleoproteins --- Genetic Phenomena --- Carrier Proteins --- Phenomena and Processes --- Nucleotidyltransferases --- Cell Nucleus Structures --- Proteins --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Cell Nucleus --- Phosphotransferases --- Transferases --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Intracellular Space --- Enzymes --- Cellular Structures --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Cells --- Anatomy --- Neoplasms --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Cytology --- Telomere. --- Telomerase. --- Cancer cells. --- Medicine. --- Cancer research. --- Human genetics. --- Gene expression. --- Stem cells. --- Evolutionary biology. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Cancer Research. --- Human Genetics. --- Gene Expression. --- Stem Cells. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Pathology, Cellular --- DNA polymerases --- Oncology. --- Evolution (Biology). --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Evolution --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Colony-forming units (Cells) --- Mother cells --- Progenitor cells --- Genes --- Genetic regulation --- Genetics --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Tumors --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Expression --- Health Workforce --- Biomedicine, general. --- Cancer research