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Italian performance in the First World War has been generally disparaged or ignored compared to that of the armies on the Western Front, and troop morale in particular has been seen as a major weakness of the Italian army. In this first book-length study of Italian morale in any language, Vanda Wilcox reassesses Italian policy and performance from the perspective both of the army as an institution and of the ordinary soldiers who found themselves fighting a brutally hard war. Wilcox analyses and contextualises Italy's notoriously hard military discipline along with leadership, training methods and logistics before considering the reactions of the troops and tracing the interactions between institutions and individuals. Restoring historical agency to soldiers often considered passive and indifferent, Wilcox illustrates how and why Italians complied, endured or resisted the army's demands through balancing their civilian and military identities.

Morale --- Esprit de corps --- Mind, State of --- State of mind --- Social psychology --- History --- Italy. --- Sardinia (Kingdom). --- Regio Esercito --- Military life. --- 1.Verdenskrig 1914-1918 --- Krigshistorie

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"Military professionals and theorists have long understood the relevance of morale in war. Montgomery, the victor at El Alamein, said, following the battle, that 'the more fighting I see, the more I am convinced that the big thing in war is morale'. Jonathan Fennell, in examining the North African campaign through the lens of morale, challenges conventional explanations for Allied success in one of the most important and controversial campaigns in British and Commonwealth history. He introduces new sources, notably the censorship summaries of the soldiers' mail, and an innovative methodology for assessing the impact of morale on rates of psychological breakdown, sickness, desertion and surrender. As a result he is able to show for the first time that a major morale crisis and stunning recovery decisively affected the Eighth Army's performance during the critical battles on the Gazala and El Alamein lines in 1942"-- "We have come through another great war and its reality is already cloaked in the mists of peace. In the course of that war we learned anew that man is supreme, that it is the soldier who fights who wins battles, that fighting means using a weapon, and that it is the heart of man which controls this use. (S. L. A. Marshall) On 20 October 1942, three days before the start of the battle of El Alamein, General Georg Stumme, in temporary command of the German and Italian Panzerarmee Afrika, informed his commanders that 'the enemy is by no means certain of victory. We must increase that uncertainty every day ... The feeling of complete moral superiority over the enemy must be awakened and fostered in every soldier, from the highest commander to the youngest man ... From this moral superiority comes coolness, confidence, self-reliance and an unshakeable will to fight. This is the secret to every victory.' "--

World War, 1939-1945 --- Morale. --- Combat --- Psychology, Military. --- El Alamein, Battle of, Egypt, 1942. --- al ʻAlamayn, Battle of, 1942 --- ʻAlamayn, Battle of, Egypt, 1942 --- Alamein, Battle of, Egypt, 1942 --- Military psychology --- Psychology, Applied --- Sociology, Military --- Military morale --- Operational psychology --- Psychology, Military --- Esprit de corps --- Mind, State of --- State of mind --- Social psychology --- Operation Torch, 1942 --- Campaigns --- Psychological aspects. --- Great Britain. --- Arts and Humanities --- History

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Ethiek. --- Ethik --- Ethics, Modern. --- Ethics --- Ethics. --- Ética. --- PHILOSOPHY --- Morale --- Ethics, Modern --- Methodology. --- Ethics & Moral Philosophy. --- Social. --- Methodologie. --- Heidegger, Martin. --- Foucault, Michel. --- Nietzsche, Friedrich. --- Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, --- Heidegger, Martin, --- Foucault, Michel, --- Nietzsche, Friedrich, --- Foucault, Michel --- Crítica e interpretación. --- Morale. --- ethics. --- Deontology --- Ethics, Primitive --- Ethology --- Moral philosophy --- Morality --- Morals --- Philosophy, Moral --- Science, Moral --- Philosophy --- Values --- Esprit de corps --- Mind, State of --- State of mind --- Social psychology --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Modern ethics --- Filosofía moral --- Moral --- Moralidad --- Filosofía --- Deontología --- Ética ambiental --- Ética comparada --- Ética comunista --- Ética feminista --- Ética militar --- Ética política --- Ética religiosa --- Ética sexual --- Ética social --- Desarrollo moral --- Humanitarismo --- Derecho y moral --- Educación moral --- Literatura y moral --- Misericordia --- Moral práctica --- Religión y moral --- Valores (Filosofía) --- Ethische Theorie --- Philosophische Ethik --- Sittenlehre --- Moralphilosophie --- Ethiker --- Praktische Philosophie --- Theorie