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Bacterial spore formers have been the focus of intense study for almost half a century centered primarily on Bacillus subtilis. This research has given us a detailed picture of the genetic, physiological and biochemical mechanisms that allow bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions by forming highly robust spores. Although, many basic aspects of this process are now understood in great detail, bacterial sporulation still continues to be a highly attractive model for studying various cell processes at a molecular level. There are several reasons for such scientific interest. First, some of the complex steps in sporulation are not fully understood and/or only are only described by 'controversial' models. Second, intensive research on unicellular development of a single microorganism, B. subtilis, left us largely unaware of the multitude of diverse sporulation mechanisms in many other Gram-positive endospore and exospore formers. This diversity would likely increase if we were to include sporulation processes in the Gram-negative spore formers. In addition, spore formers have great potential in applied research. Spore forming bacteria are becoming increasingly important in the areas of probiotics, vaccine technology and biotechnology. This Research Topic in Frontiers in Microbiology details the most recent advances in basic science of spore research and cover also emerging areas of scientific importance involving the use of spores.

germination --- Clostridium sp. --- Bacillus cereus --- Bacillus subtilis --- spore coat --- exosporium --- sporulation

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Myxobacteria are fascinating and important prokaryotes. They have large genomes and exhibit a wide range of interesting behaviors, including multicellular fruiting body formation, social interaction, predation, and secondary metabolite production. Substantial progress is being made in understanding their ecological roles and the evolutionary forces that have shaped their phenotypes and behaviors. Novel species of myxobacteria are regularly described, often producing unusual metabolites and enzymes which can be of significant biotechnological interest. Molecular studies, ranging in subject from individual enzymes to entire ‘omes, continue to provide rich insights into myxobacterial biology. This collected volume brings together five research articles and three reviews, to provide a snapshot of current myxobacterial research in all its diversity.

carotenoids --- comparative genomics --- development --- fruiting body formation --- one-component systems --- quorum signalling --- two-component systems --- myxobacteria --- Myxococcales --- germination --- bacterial cell wall --- sporulation --- morphology --- photoreceptor --- photosensitizer --- photoregulation --- singlet oxygen --- plasmalogens --- CarF --- vitamin B12 --- CarH --- ECF-sigma --- CarD-CdnL --- microbial food web --- trophic interactions --- predator–prey interactions --- mesopredator --- social bacteria --- nematodes --- experimental community --- behavior --- Myxococcus sp. --- Corallococcus sp. --- Melittangium sp. --- Archangium sp. --- biosynthetic gene clusters --- Myxococcus xanthus --- phase contrast microscopy --- fluorescence microscopy --- aggregation --- rippling --- deep learning --- generative adversarial network --- pretator-prey coevolution --- antagonism --- mucoidy --- predatory bacteria --- bacterial predation --- prey diversity --- negative frequency dependence --- experimental evolution --- MyxoEE-6 --- functional genomics --- genome evolution --- genome organisation --- pan-genome --- proteomics --- taxonomy --- transcriptomics --- n/a --- predator-prey interactions