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This book covers various aspects of characterization of materials in the areas of metals, alloys, steels, welding, nanomaterials, intermetallic, and surface coatings. These materials are obtained by different methods and techniques like spray, mechanical milling, sol-gel, casting, biosynthesis, and chemical reduction among others. Some of these materials are classified according to application such as materials for medical application, materials for industrial applications, materials used in the oil industry and materials used like coatings. The authors provide a comprehensive overview of structural characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, image analysis, finite element method (FEM), optical microscopy (OM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), infrared photo-thermal radiometry (IPTR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), thermo luminescence (TL), photoluminescence (PL), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and radio frequency (RF). The book includes theoretical models and illustrations of characterization properties—both structural and chemical.

Materials science. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Metals. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Metallic Materials.

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The thesis presents experimental and theoretical results about the surface dynamics and the surface Dirac fermion (DF) spectral function of the strong topological insulators Bi2Te3 and Bi2Se3. The experimental results reveal the presence of a strong Kohn anomaly in the measured surface phonon dispersion of a low-lying optical mode, and the absence of surface Rayleigh acoustic phonons. Fitting the experimental data to theoretical models employing phonon Matsubara functions allowed the extraction of the matrix elements of the coupling Hamiltonian and the modifications to the surface phonon propagator that are encoded in the phonon self-energy. This allowed, for the first time, calculation of phonon mode-specific DF coupling λν(q) from experimental data, with average coupling significantly higher than typical values for metals, underscoring the strong coupling between optical surface phonons and surface DFs in topological insulators. Finally, to connect to experimental results obtained from photoemission spectroscopies, an electronic (DF) Matsubara function was constructed using the determined electron-phonon matrix elements and the optical phonon dispersion. This allowed calculation of the DF spectral function and density of states, allowing for comparison with photoemission and scanning tunneling spectroscopies. The results set the necessary energy resolution and extraction methodology for calculating λ from the DF perspective.

Surfaces (Physics). --- Interfaces (Physical sciences). --- Thin films. --- Materials—Surfaces. --- Lasers. --- Photonics. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Surface and Interface Science, Thin Films. --- Surfaces and Interfaces, Thin Films. --- Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy.

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This book reviews recent advances in the exciting and rapidly growing field of semiconductor quantum dots via contributions from some of the most prominent researchers in the scientific community. Special focus is given to optical, quantum optical, and spin properties of single quantum dots due to their potential applications in devices operating with single electron spins and/or single photons. This includes single and coupled quantum dots in external fields, cavity-quantum electrodynamics, and single and entangled photon pair generation. Single Semiconductor Quantum Dots also addresses growth techniques to allow for a positioned nucleation of dots as well as applications of quantum dots in quantum information technologies.

Quantum dots. --- Quantum dots --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Electricity & Magnetism --- Semiconductors. --- Nanostructures. --- Crystalline semiconductors --- Semi-conductors --- Semiconducting materials --- Semiconductor devices --- Dots, Quantum --- Semiconductor quantum dots --- Materials science. --- Solid state physics. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Nanotechnology. --- Materials Science. --- Solid State Physics. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices. --- Nanoscience --- Crystals --- Electrical engineering --- Electronics --- Solid state electronics --- Quantum electronics --- Semiconductors --- Materials

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This book covers the main ideas, methods, and recent developments of quantum-limit optical spectroscopy and applications to quantum information, resolution spectroscopy, measurements beyond quantum limits, measurement of decoherence, and entanglement. Quantum-limit spectroscopy lies at the frontier of current experimental and theoretical techniques, and is one of the areas of atomic spectroscopy where the quantization of the field is essential to predict and interpret the existing experimental results. Currently, there is an increasing interest in quantum and precision spectroscopy both theoretically and experimentally, due to significant progress in trapping and cooling of single atoms and ions. This progress allows one to explore in the most intimate detail the ways in which light interacts with atoms and to measure spectral properties and quantum effects with high precision. Moreover, it allows one to perform subtle tests of quantum mechanics on the single atom and single photon scale which were hardly even imaginable as ``thought experiments'' a few years ago. .

Physics. --- Spectroscopy. --- Quantum optics. --- Microscopy. --- Quantum Optics. --- Spectroscopy/Spectrometry. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectroscopy --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Optics --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Qualitative --- Spectrometry --- Spectrum analysis. --- Quantum theory. --- Photons --- Quantum theory --- Analytical chemistry

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This book highlights the theoretical foundations of and experimental techniques in photothermal heating and applications involving nanoscale heat generation using gold nanostructures embedded in various media. The experimental techniques presented involve a combination of nanothermometers doped with rare-earth atoms, plasmonic heaters and near-field microscopy. The theoretical foundations are based on the Maxwell’s and heat diffusion equations. In particular, the working principle and application of AlGaN:Er3+ film, Er2O3 nanoparticles and β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanocrystals for nanothermometry based on Er3+ emission are discussed. The relationship between superheated liquid and bubble formation for optically excited nanostructures and the effects of the surrounding medium and solution properties on light absorption and scattering are presented. The application of Er2O3 and β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanocrystals to study the temperature of optically heated gold nanoparticles is also presented. In closing, the book presents a new thermal imaging technique combining near-field microscopy and Er3+ photoluminescence spectroscopy to monitor the photothermal heating and steady-state sub-diffraction local temperature of optically excited gold nanostructures.

Surfaces (Physics). --- Engineering. --- Spectroscopy. --- Nanochemistry. --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials. --- Nanotechnology and Microengineering. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Spectroscopy/Spectrometry. --- Nanoscale Science and Technology. --- Nanoscale chemistry --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Nanoscience --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectroscopy --- Interferometry --- Optics --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Qualitative --- Analytical chemistry --- Spectrometry