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Covering sex allocation, sex determination and operational sex ratios, this multi-author volume provides both a conceptual context and an instruction in methods for many aspects of sex ratio research. Theory, statistical analysis and genetics are each explained and discussed in the first three sections. The remaining chapters each focus on research in one of a wide spectrum of animal, plant and microbial taxa, including sex ratio distorting bacteria in invertebrates, malarial parasites, birds, human and other mammals, giving critical appraisals of such research. Sex Ratios: Concepts and Research Methods is primarily intended for graduate and professional behavioural and evolutionary ecologists in this field, but it will also be useful to biologists building evolutionary models, and researchers analysing data involving proportions or comparisons across phylogenetically related species.
Sex ratio. --- Sex determination, Genetic. --- Ratio, Sex --- Ratios, Sex --- Sex ratios --- Sex (Biology) --- Chromosomal sex determination --- Determination of sex, Genetic --- Genetic determination of sex --- Genotypic sex determination --- Sex --- Sex determination, Genetic --- Gene expression --- Sex chromosomes --- Sex determination --- Cause and determination
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Women who are dominant are more likely to have sons. Demographic studies show that more male children are born after wars, yet most people believe that their baby's sex is a matter of chance - determined by the father's sperm. Valerie Grant presents evidence that the mother's personality - which is related to female testosterone levels - can actually influence which type of sperm fertilises the egg.Using data from human and animal studies Valerie Grant discusses the implications for human evolution, developmental psychology and reproductive biology. Her claims are controversial and the imp
Sex determination, Genetic. --- Sex ratio. --- Dominance (Psychology) --- Pregnancy --- Human evolution. --- Testosterone. --- Mothers --- Androgens --- Evolution (Biology) --- Physical anthropology --- Evolutionary psychology --- Human beings --- Pregnant women --- Social hierarchy (Psychology) --- Control (Psychology) --- Social groups --- Ratio, Sex --- Ratios, Sex --- Sex ratios --- Sex (Biology) --- Chromosomal sex determination --- Determination of sex, Genetic --- Genetic determination of sex --- Genotypic sex determination --- Sex --- Sex determination, Genetic --- Gene expression --- Sex chromosomes --- Sex determination --- Psychological aspects. --- Psychology. --- Origin --- Psychology --- Cause and determination --- Human evolution --- Sex ratio --- Testosterone --- Psychological aspects --- Dominance (Psychology). --- Genetic sex determination
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In this paper on the distribution of carabids at high altitudes, the effect of Nature 2000 habitat and landform types in driving ground beetle (Carabidae) distribution at high altitudes in the Western Dolomites (Brenta group, Italy) was studied. Papers studying carabid beetles in forested habitats investigated the effect of different stand composition (pure oak stands, oak–pine mixed stands, single tree admixtures of oak in pine stands, and pure pine stands) on the abundance and spatial distribution of large-sized Carabus species, as well as the effect of forest type (broad-leaved deciduous forests vs. coniferous plantations) on the diversity and community composition of ground beetles; furthermore, the effect of various forest edges (natural vs. anthropogenic edges) on the abundance of ground beetles of different habitat affinity and dispersal power was examined. The paper on predation pressure aimed to explore the predation pressure on carabids using 3D-printed decoys installed in two types of forestry treatments, preparation cuts and clear cuts, and control plots in an oak–hornbeam forest.
biodiversity conservation --- temperate forests --- ground beetles --- ecological trait --- anthropogenic edges --- dispersal --- edge effect --- filter function --- forest interior --- forest specialist species --- invasion --- open-habitat species --- natural edges --- spillover --- mixed forests --- Carabidae --- activity density --- body size --- sex ratio --- aggregation index --- spatial effect zones --- Alps --- Dolomites --- geomorphology --- Nature 2000 --- rocky landforms --- species distribution --- 3D printing --- artificial prey --- behavior --- clear cut --- ecological trap --- preparation cut --- sentinel prey method
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Rodent Societies synthesizes and integrates the current state of knowledge about the social behavior of rodents, providing ecological and evolutionary contexts for understanding their societies and highlighting emerging conservation and management strategies to preserve them. It begins with a summary of the evolution, phylogeny, and biogeography of social and nonsocial rodents, providing a historical basis for comparative analyses. Subsequent sections focus on group-living rodents and characterize their reproductive behaviors, life histories and population ecology, genetics, neuroendocrine mechanisms, behavioral development, cognitive processes, communication mechanisms, cooperative and uncooperative behaviors, antipredator strategies, comparative socioecology, diseases, and conservation. Using the highly diverse and well-studied Rodentia as model systems to integrate a variety of research approaches and evolutionary theory into a unifying framework, Rodent Societies will appeal to a wide range of disciplines, both as a compendium of current research and as a stimulus for future collaborative and interdisciplinary investigations.
Rodents --- Social behavior in animals. --- Animal societies. --- Social behavior in animals --- Animal behavior --- Animal societies --- Rodentia --- Mammals --- Ecology. --- Evolution. --- social behaviour --- rodents, social behavior, ecology, conservation, population management, environment, nonfiction, science, nature, biogeography, reproduction, diseases, socioecology, antipredator strategies, predation, cooperation, communication, cognition, behavioral development, neuroendocrine mechanisms, genetics, biology, evolution, mating, sexual selection, breeding, tree squirrels, stress, dimorphism, sex ratio, kin recognition, adaptation, foraging, blind mole rats, beaver, prairie dogs, infanticide, capybaras.
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This addresses current advances and challenges in fisheries and aquaculture science. Exposure of larval fish to elevated temperatures during embryological development may induce craniofacial and morphological alterations, which are suggested possible impacts of global warming. Molecular markers shed new light on the ontogenetic migration of stream fishes. Fast growth rates, early age at maturity, moderate fecundity, and diverse diet explain the potential for introduced fishes to dominate fish communities in their native and introduced range. Taking videos of marine benthic habitats supports low-impact, real-time monitoring of species occurrence. Among heavily fished species, almost half had outdated demographic assessments that would benefit from the integration of data from fisheries sources and improved collaboration among fishery stakeholders and managers. The continued growth of aquaculture will depend upon developing feeds that improve the growth, oxidative status, and immune response of fed cultured organisms. New aquaculture feedstuffs might be derived from plants or microbes, and new additives would include ghrelins and dietary symbiotics. The effects of these constituents on survival, growth, gut histomorphology, immune response were assessed for cultured freshwater and marine species. The results provide suggestions for advances in aquafeeds for the species studied and for cultured fishes more generally. The scientific advances realized with the use of new tools provide the basis for addressing global challenges to fisheries, aquaculture and for ongoing scientific research.
Aurantiochytrium sp. --- docosahexaenoic acid --- histology --- Oreochromis niloticus --- physiology --- temperature --- underwater video --- ichthyofauna --- seagrass bed --- macroalgae soft substrate --- perireefal --- synbiotic --- acidifier --- organic salt --- humoral immune response --- antioxidant enzymes --- digestive enzymes --- disease resistance --- fishing importance --- FAO --- IUCN Red List --- RAM Legacy --- overfishing --- sustainability --- aquaculture feeds --- plant byproducts --- enzymatic pretreatment --- skeletal development --- ossification --- morphological alterations --- bullhead --- black bullhead --- ameiurus --- Ameiurus melas --- life history --- growth --- reproductive potential --- fecundity --- maturity --- sex ratio --- conservation planning --- dispersal --- genetic markers --- mating system --- parentage analysis --- visual tags --- aquaculture --- ghrelin --- gilthead sea bream --- growth hormone secretagogue --- feed intake --- metabolism --- welfare --- alternative ingredients --- gut digesta --- gut histomorphology --- gut mucosa --- n/a
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"Since the 18th century, one phenomenon, the proportion of the sexes at birth among human beings, has contributed to various developments such as the calculus of probabilities, administrative statistics, the moral and social sciences, the statistics of variability, post-Darwinian biology and Durkheimian sociology. This fact is brought to the critical attention of readers who rarely work together -- mathematicians, biologists, historians, social scientists and historians of the sciences -- along a three centuries European journey, meeting Süssmilch, Condorcet, Laplace, Fourier, Girou de Buzareingues, Poisson, Quetelet, Darwin, Düsing, Gini, Halbwachs or Fisher." "After a deconstruction of the past and present conditions of scientific understanding of human sex-ratio at birth, the authors are proposing a reconstruction of the dynamics of the phenomenon based on stochastics. This is an attempt in renewing our links with the oldest traditions of scholarly thinking, but too a kind of "well-tempered" reflexivity in today’s work of objectivization." "Appendixes get to the reader the first expression of a trend of the sex ratio at birth to adjust towards balance between the sexes by Condorcet in 1793-1794 ; a comparison of passages that Darwin devoted in 1871 and 1874 to similar issues ; and a sociological attempt of Halbwachs published in 1933.".
Sex ratio --- Demography. --- Research --- History. --- Mathematical models. --- Historical demography --- Social sciences --- Population --- Vital statistics --- Ratio, Sex --- Ratios, Sex --- Sex ratios --- Sex (Biology) --- Social sciences. --- Developmental psychology. --- Distribution (Probability theory. --- Social Sciences, general. --- Sociology, general. --- Gender Studies. --- History of Science. --- Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes. --- Methodology of the Social Sciences. --- Methodology. --- Distribution functions --- Frequency distribution --- Characteristic functions --- Probabilities --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Development (Psychology) --- Developmental psychobiology --- Psychology --- Life cycle, Human --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Sociology. --- Sex (Psychology). --- Gender expression. --- Probabilities. --- Expression, Gender --- Sex (Psychology) --- Sex role --- Social theory --- Probability --- Statistical inference --- Combinations --- Mathematics --- Chance --- Least squares --- Mathematical statistics --- Risk --- Psychology, Sexual --- Sex --- Sexual behavior, Psychology of --- Sexual psychology --- Sensuality --- Psychological aspects
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This reprint is a collection of papers on different aspects of the diversity and ecology of marine decapod crustaceans, including integrative taxonomy and genetic diversity, DNA barcoding to match larvae to adults, predator–prey interaction, coral–crab symbiosis, Sargassum–shrimp symbiosis, population dynamics of pelagic shrimps, diversity and distribution of oceanic larvae, spatial distribution of crabs, biodiversity of lobsters, and ecology of cave decapods. These contributions illustrate the variety of life forms, habitat use, and interspecific relationships exhibited by decapod crustaceans, one of the most diverse and abundant marine taxa.
Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) --- larval dispersal --- mitochondrial genes --- molecular data --- 16S rRNA --- redescription --- Belzebub --- Lucifer --- sex ratio --- size structure --- size at first maturity --- population ecology --- symbiosis --- Sargassum shrimps --- chemical cues --- sponge shrimp --- coral cleaner shrimp --- taxonomy --- cytochrome oxidase 1 --- 16S ribosomal RNA --- association --- southwest Pacific Ocean --- ecology --- crustacean --- crab --- coral --- DNA barcoding --- Gulf of Mexico --- Caridea --- Dendrobranchiata --- Decapoda --- larval-adult matching --- life history --- decapods --- spiny lobsters --- slipper lobsters --- phyllosoma --- Caribbean Sea --- Yucatan Current --- lobster --- life cycle --- predator-prey --- food chain --- Brazil --- hermit crab --- Paguridae --- diversity --- molecular phylogeny --- species inventory --- zoogeography --- species richness --- depth preference --- cave zonation --- secondary stygobiosis --- trophic depletion --- protected species --- Cyclograpsus cinereus --- spatial distribution --- intertidal --- rocky shore --- negative binomial distribution --- n/a
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This book is a Special Issue on "Selected Papers from the 1st International Electronic Conference on Entomology". It contains 1 editorial, 19 research papers and 2 review papers. The contributors come from 23 different countries around the world.
Insects (entomology) --- Aspergillus flavus --- aflatoxin B1 --- maize flour --- Tribolium castaneum --- food safety --- Cysteochila lineata --- DNA barcoding --- Neoplerochila paliatseasi --- Olea europaea --- Plerochila australis --- Acyrthosiphon pisum --- Therioaphis trifolii --- Aphis craccivora --- Coccinella septempunctata --- Hippodamia variegata --- population dynamics --- numerical responses --- molecular markers --- Pseudococcus --- Maconellicoccus hirsutus --- mealybug --- cacao --- Badnavirus --- virus vector --- Florida --- anthranilic diamide --- concrete surface --- insect --- mite --- pests --- Alientoma --- alien species --- invasive species --- citizen science --- public engagement --- Greece --- Drosophila melanogaster --- Drosophila subobscura --- egg-to-adult viability --- developmental time --- microbiota diversity --- lead exposure --- adaptation --- Anoplura --- Echinophthiriidae --- extreme environments --- distribution --- range --- dispersal --- South Siberia --- dynamics --- population --- plant protection --- outbreak --- Italian locust --- Corythucha ciliata --- mtDNA --- COI fragment length --- population genetics --- phylogeny --- invasive insect --- D. subobscura --- desiccation resistance --- starvation resistance --- chill coma recovery time --- heat knock-down resistance --- global warming --- life history --- laboratory evolution --- D. obscura --- Cyt b gene --- viability --- sex-ratio --- intra-population variation --- Chamaemyiidae --- Margarodidae --- voltinism --- egg development --- micromulsion --- postharvest pest --- grain coating --- essential oil --- stored-product pest --- taxonomy --- taxonomic impediment --- Aphidiinae --- parasitoids --- omnivorous predator --- Nesidiocoris tenuis --- Dicyphus cerastii --- plant damage --- zoophytophagy --- fruit injury --- protected crops --- biological control --- tomato --- honey bee --- microsatellite --- genetic diversity --- Bursaphelenchus spp. --- national survey program --- nematodes --- conifers --- wheat aphids --- thermal traits --- critical thermal maxima --- chronic temperature tolerance --- aphid endosymbionts --- bacterial gene abundance --- Ceratitis capitata --- Asaia --- Symbiotic Control --- termite systematic --- morphological traits --- morphometric measurements --- n/a
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