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Sometimes the outcome of a lawsuit depends upon sensations known only to the person who experiences them, such as the buzzing sound heard by a plaintiff who suffers from tinnitus after an accident. Lawyers, litigants, and expert witnesses are now seeking to re-create these sensations in the courtroom, using digital technologies to simulate litigants' subjective experiences and thus to help jurors know-not merely know about-what it is like to be inside a litigant's mind. But with this novel type of evidence comes a host of questions: Can anyone really know what it is like to have another person's sensory experiences? Why should courts allow jurors to see or hear these simulations? And how might this evidence alter the ways in which judges and jurors do justice? In Experiencing Other Minds in the Courtroom, Neal Feigenson turns the courtroom into a forum for exploring the profound philosophical, psychological, and legal ramifications of our efforts to know what other people's conscious experiences are truly like. Drawing on disciplines ranging from cognitive psychology to psychophysics to media studies, Feigenson harnesses real examples of digitally simulated subjective perceptions to explain how the epistemological value of this evidence is affected by who creates it, how it is made, and how it is presented. Through his close scrutiny of the different kinds of simulations and the different knowledge claims they make, Feigenson is able to suggest best practices for how we might responsibly incorporate such evidence into the courtroom.

Evidence (Law) --- Judicial process. --- Examination of witnesses. --- courts. --- digital technology. --- epistemology. --- evidence. --- jurors. --- sensory experience. --- simulation. --- trials.

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"The longer you work, the more the mystery deepens of what appearance is, or how what is called appearance can be made in another medium."-Francis Bacon, painter This, in a nutshell, is the central problem in the theory of art. It has fascinated philosophers from Plato to Wittgenstein. And it fascinates artists and art historians, who have always drawn extensively on philosophical ideas about language and representation, and on ideas about vision and the visible world that have deep philosophical roots. John Hyman's The Objective Eye is a radical treatment of this problem, deeply informed by the history of philosophy and science, but entirely fresh. The questions tackled here are fundamental ones: Is our experience of color an illusion? How does the metaphysical status of colors differ from that of shapes? What is the difference between a picture and a written text? Why are some pictures said to be more realistic than others? Is it because they are especially truthful or, on the contrary, because they deceive the eye? The Objective Eye explores the fundamental concepts we use constantly in our most innocent thoughts and conversations about art, as well as in the most sophisticated art theory. The book progresses from pure philosophy to applied philosophy and ranges from the metaphysics of color to Renaissance perspective, from anatomy in ancient Greece to impressionism in nineteenth-century France. Philosophers, art historians, and students of the arts will find The Objective Eye challenging and absorbing.

Visual perception. --- Composition (Art) --- Color in art. --- Art --- Psychology. --- appearance, representation, art, aesthetics, objectivity, subjectivity, color, form, reality, medium, plato, wittgenstein, language, vision, visual arts, philosophy, science, illusion, shapes, sensory experience, perception, shape, realism, theory, metaphysics, ancient greece, renaissance, medieval, anatomy, impressionism, france, history, nonfiction, galileo, depiction, occlusion, optics, relativism, imitation, psychology, composition.

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In this book, Ernest Sosa explains the nature of knowledge through an approach originated by him years ago, known as virtue epistemology. Here he provides the first comprehensive account of his views on epistemic normativity as a form of performance normativity on two levels. On a first level is found the normativity of the apt performance, whose success manifests the performer's competence. On a higher level is found the normativity of the meta-apt performance, which manifests not necessarily first-order skill or competence but rather the reflective good judgment required for proper risk assessment. Sosa develops this bi-level account in multiple ways, by applying it to issues much disputed in recent epistemology: epistemic agency, how knowledge is normatively related to action, the knowledge norm of assertion, and the Meno problem as to how knowledge exceeds merely true belief. A full chapter is devoted to how experience should be understood if it is to figure in the epistemic competence that must be manifest in the truth of any belief apt enough to constitute knowledge. Another takes up the epistemology of testimony from the performance-theoretic perspective. Two other chapters are dedicated to comparisons with ostensibly rival views, such as classical internalist foundationalism, a knowledge-first view, and attributor contextualism. The book concludes with a defense of the epistemic circularity inherent in meta-aptness and thereby in the full aptness of knowing full well.

Virtue epistemology. --- Epistemic virtue --- Epistemology, Virtue --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Virtue epistemology --- AAA normativity. --- AAA structure. --- Meno problem. --- Meno. --- Plato. --- Platonic problems. --- Theaetus. --- apprehension. --- assertion. --- awareness. --- belief. --- bootstrapping. --- circularity. --- contextualism. --- contextualist fallacy. --- epistemic agency. --- epistemic circularity. --- epistemic faculties. --- epistemic normativity. --- epistemic performances. --- epistemology. --- experience. --- experiential states. --- human knowledge. --- ignorance. --- interlocutors. --- knowledge first. --- knowledge. --- meta-aptness. --- normativity. --- perceptual knowledge. --- performance aims. --- performance based. --- performance normativity. --- proper action. --- propositional experience. --- radical knowledge. --- relevant alternatives. --- sensa. --- sense data. --- sensory experience. --- skeptic. --- testimonial knowledge. --- testimonies. --- testimony. --- threshold setting. --- traditional knowledge. --- true belief. --- trust. --- virtue epistemology. --- Ethics --- Philosophy

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This book represents one of the most up-to-date collections of articles on clinical practice and research in the field of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The scholars who contributed to this book are experts in their field, carrying out cutting edge research in prestigious institutes worldwide (e.g., Harvard Medical School, University of California, MIND Institute, King’s College, Karolinska Institute, and many others). The book addressed many topics, including (1) The COVID-19 pandemic; (2) Epidemiology and prevalence; (3) Screening and early behavioral markers; (4) Diagnostic and phenotypic profile; (5) Treatment and intervention; (6) Etiopathogenesis (biomarkers, biology, and genetic, epigenetic, and risk factors); (7) Comorbidity; (8) Adulthood; and (9) Broader Autism Phenotype (BAP). This book testifies to the complexity of performing research in the field of ASD. The published contributions underline areas of progress and ongoing challenges in which more certain data is expected in the coming years. It would be desirable that experts, clinicians, researchers, and trainees could have the opportunity to read this updated text describing the challenging heterogeneity of Autism Spectrum Disorder.

autism spectrum disorder --- infants --- frontal EEG alpha asymmetry --- early detection --- autism spectrum disorders --- toddlers --- eye tracking --- joint attention --- longitudinal --- regression --- cytokines --- PAI-1 --- neuroinflammation --- gastrointestinal --- autism --- literature review --- comorbidity --- early intervention --- early intensive behavioral intervention --- behavioral intervention --- First Year Inventory --- early screening --- risk --- cross-cultural generalisability --- validity --- preschool teachers --- self-efficacy --- knowledge --- belief --- skills --- identify --- autism spectrum disorder (ASD) --- level 1 and level 2 screening tools --- systematic review --- COSMIN --- PRISMA --- screening --- infection --- prion --- meta-analysis --- motion analysis --- video signal processing --- neurodevelopmental disorders --- infant screening --- n/a --- developmental language disorder --- semantic features --- word learning --- central coherence --- biomarker --- p-cresol --- mouse social behavior --- dopamine --- ASD --- vision --- proprioception --- self-motion --- immersive virtual reality --- IVR --- HMD --- technology --- persuasive text writing --- perspective-taking --- adolescence --- intervention --- sign language --- imitation --- cognition --- language acquisition --- prevalence estimate --- predictors --- surveillance review --- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) --- early intensive intervention --- developmental trajectories --- moderators and mediators of intervention. --- psychosis --- schizophrenia --- psychopathology --- AQ --- accuracy --- attention to detail --- self-awareness --- insight --- preconception risk factor --- Gilles de la Tourette --- obsession --- compulsion --- social behavior --- social impairment --- sensory profile --- sensory responsiveness --- feeding problems --- short sensory profile (SSP) --- sensory experience questionnaire (SEQ) --- coronavirus --- 2019-nCoV --- neurodevelopment --- child and adolescent psychiatry --- mental health prevention --- Asperger syndrome --- adults --- cerebrospinal fluid --- antibodies --- blood–brain barrier --- GAD65 --- Early Start Denver Model --- high-risk infants --- motor development --- high-functioning autism --- language --- experience --- communication --- autonomic nervous system --- wearable technologies --- EEG --- theory of mind --- adults and adolescents --- human figure drawings --- Draw-a-Man --- drawings maturity --- social perception --- ERP --- reward response --- RewP --- sensitization --- social skills intervention --- PEERS® --- adulthood --- diagnosis --- autistic traits --- action observation --- action prediction --- context --- priors --- hypothalamus --- amygdala --- oxytocin --- social cognition --- social interaction --- affiliative behavior --- neuroimaging --- COVID-19 --- challenging behavior --- dental care --- oral health --- medical procedures --- ICT --- wearable sensors --- migration --- Europe --- health system --- autism in adulthood --- intellectual disability --- regressive autism --- epilepsy --- challenging behaviors --- empathy --- executive functions --- attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder --- disruptive behavior disorders --- alexithymia --- anxiety --- depression --- TAS-20 --- TSIA --- parents --- broader autism phenotype --- autistic-like features --- social-cognitive development --- stereotypical behaviors --- visual impairment --- language profiles --- grammatical comprehension --- cannabinoids --- cannabidiol --- cannabidivarin --- THC --- problem behaviors --- sleep --- hyperactivity --- side effects --- motor performance skills --- Gulf --- BOT-2 --- machine learning --- employment --- telehealth --- ABA --- RCT --- cortisol --- group activity --- stress --- art --- assessment --- sensorimotor integration --- postural balance --- false positive report probability (FPRP) --- Bayesian false-discovery probability (BFDP) --- Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) --- microbiome --- metabolomics --- study design --- biomarker discovery --- precise medicine --- bipolar disorder --- suicidal ideation --- suicidal attempts --- blood-brain barrier