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Droughts are one of the main extreme meteorological, and hydrological phenomena, which influence both the functioning of ecosystems, and many important sectors of human economic activity. Throughout the world, various direct changes in meteorological, and climatic conditions, such as: air temperature, humidity, and evapotranspiration can be observed. They have a significant influence upon the shaping of the phenomenon of drought. Land cover and land use can also be indirect factors influencing evapotranspiration, and, by the same token, the water balance in the water catchment area. They can also influence the course of the process of the drought. The observed climate change, manifested mainly by increases in temperature, in turn, influencing evapotranspiration, may cause intensification in terms of both the degree and frequency of droughts. Droughts related to changes in the hydrological regime, and to the decrease in water resources. Its results can be observed in various sectors, related, among others, to a demand for water for people, agriculture and the Industry. It can also prove problematic for water ecosystems. To reflect the aforementioned information, a reasonable drought risk management is indispensable in order to ease the water demand related problems in various sectors of human activity. This book presents original research on various drought indicators, modern measurement techniques used, among others, for monitoring and predicting droughts, drought indicator trends, the impact of insufficient precipitation on human activity in the context of climate change, and examples of modern solutions devised to prevent water shortages.

extensive green roofs --- climate change --- summer drought --- urban vegetation --- phytomass --- fertilizer --- biodiversity --- blue green infrastructure --- pan evaporation --- ANN --- WANN --- SVM-RF --- SVM-LF --- Pusa station --- drought --- SPI --- run theory --- Sen’s estimator --- Mann–Kendall --- Wadi Cheliff Basin --- water stress --- soil moisture --- atmospheric evaporative demand --- eddy covariance --- gross primary productivity --- meteorological drought --- agricultural drought --- atmospheric circulation --- elementary circulation mechanism (ECM) --- information entropy --- atmospheric blocking --- hydrological drought --- trends --- central Poland --- lotic systems --- refuge habitats --- fish --- risk management --- forecasting --- ARIMA --- Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) --- mitigation --- atmospheric drought --- forest drought --- Carpathian Mts. --- beech --- vertical climate zones --- Copernicus Sentinel-1 --- electrical resistivity tomography --- expansive clay --- InSAR --- shrink-swell risk --- SMOS surface soil moisture --- wavelet analysis --- precipitation --- precipitation deficit --- climatic water balance --- n/a --- Sen's estimator --- Mann-Kendall

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In a worldwide context of ever-growing competition for water and land, climate change, droughts and man-made water scarcity, and less-participatory water governance, agriculture faces the great challenge of producing enough food for a continually increasing population. In this line, this book provides a broad overview of innovation issues in the complex water–agriculture–food nexus, thus also relative to their interconnections and dependences. Issues refer to different spatial scales, from the field or the farm to the irrigation system or the river basin. Multidisciplinary approaches are used when analyzing the relationships between water, agriculture, and food security. The covered issues are quite diverse and include: innovation in crop evapotranspiration, crop coefficients and modeling; updates in research relative to crop water use and saving; irrigation scheduling and systems design; simulation models to support water and agricultural decisions; issues to cope with water scarcity and climate change; advances in water resource quality and sustainable uses; new tools for mapping and use of remote sensing information; and fostering a participative and inclusive governance of water for food security and population welfare. This book brings together a variety of contributions by leading international experts, professionals, and scholars in those diverse fields. It represents a major synthesis and state-of-the-art on various subjects, thus providing a valuable and updated resource for all researchers, professionals, policymakers, and post-graduate students interested in the complex world of the water–agriculture–food nexus.

hysteresis loops --- irrigation systems design --- fuzzy cognitive maps --- Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) --- olive orchard --- Kcb from ground cover --- crop growth --- surface water pollution --- crop water use and evapotranspiration --- measures --- water–energy–food nexus --- water-agriculture-food nexus --- drought classes --- soil temperature --- pressures --- crop water requirements --- Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) --- validation --- latent heat flux --- log-linear modeling --- impact --- Row crops --- dried on the vine --- reform --- Tagus River Basin --- precise land levelling --- regulated deficit irrigation --- Transfer --- relative pressure exceedance --- irrigation district --- evaporation --- Irrigation --- perturbation --- aridity effects --- economic and environmental issues --- water users’ organization --- pressurized irrigation systems --- decision support systems (DSS) --- Pampa biome --- crop yield --- reference evapotranspiration --- DPSIR --- SIMDualKc model --- semi-arid region --- wheat --- calibration --- design of irrigation systems --- Density coefficient --- simulation models --- biomass --- crop transpiration --- groundwater --- direct forcing --- Spain --- satellite observations --- maize yield --- water and salt balance --- soil water balance --- spatial variability --- persistence --- supply–demand balance model --- sustained deficit irrigation --- leaf area index --- evapotranspiration --- eddy covariance --- dry drainage system --- droughts --- Participatory Irrigation Management --- Black soil --- surface irrigation modelling --- drip and basin irrigation --- remote sensing --- crop coefficient curves --- irrigation scheduling --- unsteady flow --- root growth --- North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) --- Sensitive Zones --- soil evaporation --- actual evapotranspiration --- agricultural intensification --- organizational analysis --- policies --- water and land management --- agriculture --- hydrant risk indicator --- evaporative fraction --- local advection --- Fiesta grapes --- Evapotranspiration --- Dual crop coefficients --- Vulnerable Zones --- salinity --- cut-off time --- soil moisture --- irrigation water governance --- nitrogen --- Andalusia --- Corn --- basal crop coefficients --- water balance --- participatory management --- beneficial water use --- soil nutrient --- water users association --- deficit irrigation --- stakeholder engagement --- new technologies --- smartphone application --- drip irrigation --- Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. --- inflow rates --- policy-making --- soil water storage depletion --- on-demand operation