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Radiology is evolving at a fast pace, and the specific field of cardiovascular and thoracic imaging is no stranger to that trend. While it could, at first, seem unusual to gather these two specialties in a common Issue, the very fact that many of us are trained and exercise in both is more than a hint to the common grounds these fields are sharing. From the ever-increasing role of artificial intelligence in the reconstruction, segmentation, and analysis of images to the quest of functionality derived from anatomy, their interplay is big, and one innovation developed with the former in mind could prove useful for the latter. If the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has shed light on the decisive diagnostic role of chest CT and, to a lesser extent, cardiac MR, one must not forget the major advances and extensive researches made possible in other areas by these techniques in the past years. With this Issue, we aim at encouraging and wish to bring to light state-of-the-art reviews, novel original researches, and ongoing discussions on the multiple aspects of cardiovascular and chest imaging.

lung transplantation --- image processing --- computer-assisted --- pulmonary disease --- chronic obstructive --- bronchiolitis obliterans --- cardiac --- heart --- magnetic resonance --- CMR --- compressed sensing --- congenital heart disease --- GUCH --- real-time imaging --- fast imaging --- function --- retrospective --- retrogating --- image quality --- carcinoid tumor --- neoplasm metastasis --- lymphatic metastasis --- multidetector computed tomography --- neuroendocrine cells --- asbestos-exposition --- HRCT --- asbestosis --- real-time --- arrhythmia --- artifact --- radiation dosage --- lung --- helical computed tomography --- dual-energy CT --- iodine --- diagnostic imaging --- myocarditis --- extra-cellular volume --- thorax --- computed tomography --- photon-counting detectors

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SCIENCE --- Environmental Science (see also Chemistry / Environmental) --- Radioactive pollution --- Radioactive fallout --- Radioactive Fallout --- Radiation Dosage --- Radiation Monitoring --- Radiometry --- Radiologic Health --- Environmental Monitoring --- Radiation --- Radioactive Pollutants --- Public Health Practice --- Investigative Techniques --- Complex Mixtures --- Public Health --- Electromagnetic Phenomena --- Physical Phenomena --- Environment and Public Health --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Health Care --- Phenomena and Processes --- Toxicology & Public Health --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Toxicology --- Dust, Radioactive --- Fallout, Radioactive --- Radioactive dust --- Environmental radioactivity --- Nuclear pollution --- Radioactivity, Environmental --- Atomic bomb --- Fallout shelters --- Fission products --- Hydrogen bomb --- Nuclear energy and meteorology --- Radioactive pollution of the atmosphere --- Radioactive substances --- Pollution --- Radioecology --- Radioactive waste disposal

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In September 2005, Yerevan (Armenia) hosted an International Conference dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the publication of the so called "green paper", published by N.W. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, K. Zimmer and M. Delbruck in 1935, entitled "On the origin of gene mutations and gene structure". The importance of this paper for genetics and radiobiology was enormous – not only for radiobiology, but for genetics in general. The "target" of the radiation action was indeed the "gene", that for the first time found a clear, operational definition. The organisers of this Conference proposed to convene scientists from all over the world to discuss the impact of radiation risk estimates in normal and emergency situations. This was the starting point of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, whose proceedings are published in this book. The parallel development of the Conference and the Workshop resulted in a true synergism, both events taking advantage of the mixed environment of molecular biologists, genetists, radiobiologists, radioecologists, biophysicists, etc. gathered in Yerevan. We were delighted to include a few excellent papers dealing directly with Timofeeff-Ressovsky’s life, and the "green pamphlet". The life and scientific achievements of Timofeeff-Ressovsky are often not well known in western countries, hence we deemed it advisable to include those papers in this book.

Radiation --- Radiation carcinogenesis --- Rayonnement --- Safety measures --- Congresses. --- Dosage --- Sécurité --- Mesures --- Congrès --- Radiation -- Dosage -- Congresses. --- Radiation -- Safety measures -- Congresses. --- Radiation carcinogenesis -- Congresses. --- Risk Assessment --- Congresses --- Radiation Dosage --- Radiation Effects --- Safety --- Radiologic Health --- Epidemiologic Measurements --- Risk --- Radiometry --- Accident Prevention --- Publication Formats --- Risk Management --- Accidents --- Probability --- Public Health --- Investigative Techniques --- Electromagnetic Phenomena --- Organization and Administration --- Publication Characteristics --- Environment and Public Health --- Health Services Administration --- Statistics as Topic --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Physical Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Health Care --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Quality of Health Care --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Nuclear Engineering --- Environmental Sciences --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Risk estimates --- Environment. --- History. --- Human genetics. --- Ecology. --- Biophysics. --- Biological physics. --- Radiation protection. --- Effects of Radiation/Radiation Protection. --- Human Genetics. --- Biophysics and Biological Physics. --- History of Science. --- Safety measures. --- Radiation monitoring --- Radiation protection --- Biological physics --- Biology --- Medical sciences --- Physics --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Genetics --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Ecology --- Environmental protection. --- Biological and Medical Physics, Biophysics. --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental policy --- Environmental quality --- Radiation—Safety measures. --- Ecology .

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Prostate brachytherapy has been the subject of heated debate among surgeons and the proponents of the various brachytherapy methods. This very first interdisciplinary book on the subject provides a comprehensive overview of innovations in low dose rate (LDR), high dose rate (HDR), and pulsed dose rate (PDR) interstitial brachytherapy for the management of local or locally advanced prostate cancer. In addition to detailed chapters on patient selection and the use of imaging in diagnostics, treatment guidance, and implantation control, background chapters are included on related medical physics issues such as treatment planning and quality assurance. The results obtained with the different treatment options and the difficult task of salvage treatment are fully discussed. All chapters have been written by internationally recognized experts in their fields who for more than a decade have formed the teaching staff responsible for the successful GEC-ESTRO/EAU Prostate Brachytherapy Teaching Course.   This book will be invaluable in informing residents and others of the scientific background and potential of modern prostate brachytherapy. It will also prove a useful source of up-to-date information for those who specialize in prostate brachytherapy or intend to start an interstitial brachytherapy service.

Brachytherapy. --- Prostate -- Cancer. --- Radioisotope brachytherapy. --- Radioisotope brachytherapy --- Radiation Dosage --- Therapeutics --- Genital Neoplasms, Male --- Investigative Techniques --- Radiometry --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Urogenital Neoplasms --- Neoplasms by Site --- Neoplasms --- Diseases --- Brachytherapy --- Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation --- Methods --- Prostatic Neoplasms --- Radiotherapy Dosage --- Radiotherapy --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Radiology, MRI, Ultrasonography & Medical Physics --- Prostate --- Medicine. --- Radiotherapy. --- Cancer --- Treatment --- Technological innovations. --- Radiation therapy --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Afterloading radiotherapy --- Brachyisotope therapy --- Brachytherapy, Radioisotope --- Implant radiotherapy --- Interstitial radiotherapy --- Oncology. --- Urology. --- Nuclear physics. --- Heavy ions. --- Hadrons. --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Electrotherapeutics --- Hospitals --- Medical electronics --- Medical radiology --- Therapeutics, Physiological --- Phototherapy --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Radiological services --- Implants, Artificial --- Radioisotopes --- Therapeutic use --- Oncology  . --- Genitourinary organs --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Physics --- Tumors --- Ions

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Current radiation protection standards are based upon the application of the linear no-threshold (LNT) assumption, which considers that even very low doses of ionizing radiation can cause cancer. The radiation hormesis hypothesis, by contrast, proposes that low-dose ionizing radiation is not only safe but is healthy and beneficial. In this book, the author examines all facets of radiation hormesis in detail, including the history of the concept and mechanisms, and presents comprehensive, up-to-date reviews for major cancer types. It is explained how low-dose radiation can in fact decrease all-cause and all-cancer mortality and help to control metastatic cancer. Attention is also drawn to biases in epidemiological research when using the LNT assumption. The author shows how proponents of the LNT assumption consistently reject, manipulate, and deliberately ignore an overwhelming abundance of published data and falsely claim that no reliable data are available at doses of less than 100 mSv. The consequence of the LNT assumption is a radiophobia that is very costly in terms of lives and money.

Cancer -- Radiotherapy. --- Ionizing radiation -- Dose-response relationship. --- Low-level radiation -- Dose-response relationship. --- Radiation -- Physiological effect -- Evaluation. --- Radiation tolerance -- Measurement. --- Radiation --- Ionizing radiation --- Low-level radiation --- Cancer --- Radiation tolerance --- Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation --- Radiation Effects --- Radiation, Ionizing --- Radiologic Health --- Radiation Dosage --- Physiological Phenomena --- Radiation Tolerance --- Physiological Processes --- Electromagnetic Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Radiometry --- Public Health --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Environment and Public Health --- Investigative Techniques --- Physical Phenomena --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Health Care --- Physiology --- Radiology, MRI, Ultrasonography & Medical Physics --- Cytology --- Medicine --- Biology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Physiological effect --- Evaluation --- Dose-response relationship --- Radiotherapy --- Measurement --- Evaluation. --- Dose-response relationship. --- Radiotherapy. --- Measurement. --- Tolerance, Radiation --- Dose-effect relationship (Radiation) --- Dose-response relationship (Radiation) --- Dose-effect relationship (Radiology) --- Dose-response relationship (Radiology) --- Tolerance --- Dose-effect relationship --- Medicine. --- Biophysics. --- Biological physics. --- Radiation protection. --- Environmental health. --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Effects of Radiation/Radiation Protection. --- Biophysics and Biological Physics. --- Environmental Health. --- Safety measures. --- Radiobiology --- Physics --- Radiology --- Treatment