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We analyze microdata from Mexico's survey on household income and expenditures (ENIGH) to study the evolution of income inequality in Mexico over 2004-16, identify its sources, and investigate how it was affected by government social policy. We find evidence of only a small decline in inequality over this period. The observed decline may be attributed to government transfers, notably targeted cash transfers (Prospera) and non-contributory pensions. In 2016, those two programs accounted for more than two thirds of the reduction in the Gini coefficient due to government transfers. Other transfer programs such as farmland subsidies (Proagro), government scholarships, and non-monetary transfers for medical expenditures have not been as effective.

Income distribution --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Education: General --- Pensions --- Education --- Personal income --- Income inequality --- National accounts --- Income --- Mexico

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This paper discusses Second National Poverty Reduction Strategy II (NPRS-II) (2012–2016) for Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. A comparison of the results of the 2000 and 2010 poverty profile, based on the average income method, shows that there was progress in reducing poverty, albeit far less than expected. The ratio of the incidence of poverty decreased from 53.8 percent in 2000 to 49.6 percent in 2010, representing a reduction of 4.2 percentage points, which is far below the target set in the NPRS-I for 2010, and also shows relative improvement in the depth of poverty.

Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Poverty --- Prevention. --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- Prevention --- E-books --- Social Services and Welfare --- Demography --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Education: General --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Demographic Economics: General --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- Health: General --- Education --- Poverty & precarity --- Population & demography --- Social welfare & social services --- Health economics --- Population and demographics --- Poverty reduction strategy --- Health --- Population --- São Tomé and Príncipe, Democratic Republic of

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Assiduously tracking the trends and consequences of globalization, the IMF's quarterly magazine Finance & Development has been a major forum for discussing-and dissecting-the policy options and challenges faced by governments in an era when many national decisions transcend borders. This valuable compilation of articles published over the past eight years focuses on financial globalization, including the policy implications of the huge growth in cross-border capital flows. Articles also look at the expansion of world trade, explore the impact of globalization on jobs, taxation, and the poor, and examine the digital divide between developed and some developing countries. An extraordinary summary that distills nearly a decade of accelerated change.

International finance --- Economic assistance --- Globalization --- Finance --- International Finance --- Business & Economics --- 332.042 --- Global cities --- Globalisation --- Internationalization --- International relations --- Anti-globalization movement --- International monetary system --- International money --- International economic relations --- International finance. --- Globalization. --- Exports and Imports --- Finance: General --- Macroeconomics --- Social Services and Welfare --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- International economics --- Social welfare & social services --- Capital flows --- Emerging and frontier financial markets --- Capital account liberalization --- Income inequality --- Balance of payments --- Financial markets --- National accounts --- Poverty --- Capital movements --- Financial services industry --- Income distribution --- United States

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The paper examines the poverty-reducing and distributional characteristics of Djibouti’s economic growth, and discusses policies that might help make growth more inclusive. It covers the period between 2002 and 2013, for which comparable household surveys are available. The main findings are that while in the past decade the overall level of poverty in Djibouti declined, there have been no clear signs of improvements in either equality or growth inclusiveness. Growth has not been inclusive and benefitted mainly those in the upper part of the income distribution. These conclusions should be treated as indicative. Progress in poverty reduction and inclusiveness would require not only sustained high growth but also the creation of opportunities in sectors with high earning potential for the poor. Better targeted social policies and more attention to the regional distribution of spending would also help reduce poverty and improve inclusiveness.

Economic development. --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Economic development --- E-books --- Macroeconomics --- Social Services and Welfare --- Demography --- Poverty and Homelessness --- Intertemporal Choice and Growth: General --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Measurement and Analysis of Poverty --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- Demographic Economics: General --- Poverty & precarity --- Social welfare & social services --- Population & demography --- Poverty --- Income inequality --- Poverty reduction --- Population and demographics --- Income --- National accounts --- Income distribution --- Population --- Djibouti

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IMF Financial Operations 2014 provides a broad introduction to how the IMF fulfills its mission through its financial activities. It covers the financial structure and operations of the IMF and also provides background detail of the financial statements for the IMF’s activities during the most recent financial year. This publication updates a previous report entitled Financial Organization and Operations of the IMF, first published in 1986 and last issued in 2001 (the sixth edition). That 2001 report reflected the seismic shifts in the global economy and in the IMF’s structure and operations that occurred after the fall of the Soviet Union and the various currency and financial crises of the 1990s. This revised and updated report covers more recent developments, including measures taken in response to the global financial crisis of 2007-09 and the institutional reforms aimed at ensuring that the IMF’s governance structure evolves in line with developments in the global economy, as well as reforms to the IMF’s income model.

International finance -- Periodicals. --- International Monetary Fund -- Periodicals. --- International Monetary Fund. --- Finance --- Business & Economics --- International Finance --- Financial institutions, International --- Banks and banking, International --- E-books --- International banking --- Offshore banking (Finance) --- Transnational banking --- International finance --- International financial institutions --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Macroeconomics --- Banks and Banking --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Financial Risk Management --- Social Services and Welfare --- Foreign Exchange --- Central Banks and Their Policies --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Government Policy --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Banking --- Monetary economics --- Social welfare & social services --- International economics --- Financial crises --- Central banks --- Currencies --- Money --- Debt relief --- Asset and liability management --- Credit --- Personal income --- National accounts --- Freely usable currencies --- Poverty reduction strategy --- Poverty --- Income --- Currency crises --- Banks and banking, Central --- Debts, External --- United States