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Summarises the most up-to-date information available on current pruning techniques and training systems.

Olive --- Pruning. --- Training.

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The traditional model of synapses as fixed structures has been replaced by a dynamic one in which synapses are constantly being deleted and replaced. This book, written by a leading researcher on the neurochemistry of schizophrenia, integrates material from neuroscience and cell biology to provide a comprehensive account of our current knowledge of the neurochemical basis of synaptic plasticity. The book presents the evidence for synaptic plasticity, an account of the dendritic spine and the glutamate synapse with a focus on redox mechanisms, and the biochemical basis of the Hebbian synapse. It discusses the role of endocytosis, special proteins, and local protein synthesis. Additional topics include volume transmission, arachidonic acid signaling, hormonal modulation, and psychological stress. Finally, the book considers pharmacological and clinical implications of current research, particularly with reference to schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.

Tissues --- Nervous System Physiological Processes --- Nervous System --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomena --- Anatomy --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Neuronal Plasticity --- Nerve Tissue --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Neuroscience --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Concepts --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomenon --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiology --- Anatomies --- Nervous System Physiological Concepts --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomenon --- Nervous System Physiological Process --- Physiology, Nervous System --- Nervous System Physiologic Processes --- Nervous System Physiology --- System Physiology, Nervous --- Nervous Systems --- System, Nervous --- Systems, Nervous --- Tissue --- Nervous Tissue --- Nerve Tissues --- Nervous Tissues --- Tissue, Nerve --- Tissue, Nervous --- Tissues, Nerve --- Tissues, Nervous --- Axon Pruning --- Axonal Pruning --- Dendrite Arborization --- Dendrite Pruning --- Dendritic Arborization --- Dendritic Pruning --- Dendritic Remodeling --- Neural Plasticity --- Neurite Pruning --- Neuronal Arborization --- Neuronal Network Remodeling --- Neuronal Pruning --- Neuronal Remodeling --- Neuroplasticity --- Synaptic Plasticity --- Synaptic Pruning --- Plasticity, Neuronal --- Arborization, Dendrite --- Arborization, Dendritic --- Arborization, Neuronal --- Arborizations, Dendrite --- Arborizations, Dendritic --- Arborizations, Neuronal --- Axon Prunings --- Axonal Prunings --- Dendrite Arborizations --- Dendrite Prunings --- Dendritic Arborizations --- Dendritic Prunings --- Dendritic Remodelings --- Network Remodeling, Neuronal --- Network Remodelings, Neuronal --- Neural Plasticities --- Neurite Prunings --- Neuronal Arborizations --- Neuronal Network Remodelings --- Neuronal Plasticities --- Neuronal Prunings --- Neuronal Remodelings --- Neuroplasticities --- Plasticities, Neural --- Plasticities, Neuronal --- Plasticities, Synaptic --- Plasticity, Neural --- Plasticity, Synaptic --- Pruning, Axon --- Pruning, Axonal --- Pruning, Dendrite --- Pruning, Dendritic --- Pruning, Neurite --- Pruning, Neuronal --- Pruning, Synaptic --- Prunings, Axon --- Prunings, Axonal --- Prunings, Dendrite --- Prunings, Dendritic --- Prunings, Neurite --- Prunings, Neuronal --- Prunings, Synaptic --- Remodeling, Dendritic --- Remodeling, Neuronal --- Remodeling, Neuronal Network --- Remodelings, Dendritic --- Remodelings, Neuronal --- Remodelings, Neuronal Network --- Synaptic Plasticities --- Synaptic Prunings --- physiology --- Cell Plasticity --- Brain Plasticity --- Brain Plasticities --- Plasticities, Brain --- Plasticity, Brain --- Neuroplasticity. --- Neurochemistry. --- Biochemistry --- Neurosciences --- Nervous system plasticity --- Neural adaptation --- Neural plasticity --- Neuronal adaptation --- Neuronal plasticity --- Plasticity, Nervous system --- Soft-wired nervous system --- Synaptic plasticity --- Adaptation (Physiology) --- Neurophysiology --- Developmental neurobiology

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This book presents the neurobiology of orthodontics according to the most recently acquired knowledge on the interaction of the brain activity with the senses. In particular, it highlights the ability of orofacial sensory input to modulate and change the brain activity underlying functions of the stomatognathic system, such as chewing, biting, speech, and occlusal feedback. The approach adopted thereby represents a significant departure from the theory and practice of traditional orthodontics, in which malocclusions of the teeth have been interpreted as deriving from DNA coding errors. The described new conceptualization of the etiology and diagnosis of malocclusions has profound implications for orthodontic therapy, as is clearly explained. Orthodontic therapy in turn has significant effects on the brain, which are documented in a chapter devoted to neuroimaging methods. By opening up new and creative pathways in the world of orthodontics, this book will hopefully both educate and excite the practitioner. It is recommended reading for all orthodontists.

Malocclusion -- Treatment. --- Orthodontics. --- Teeth -- Pathophysiology. --- Neurobiology --- Malocclusion --- Neuronal Plasticity --- Orthodontics, Corrective --- Neurosciences --- Tooth Diseases --- Orthodontics --- Nervous System Physiological Processes --- Biology --- Stomatognathic Diseases --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomena --- Dentistry --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Diseases --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Phenomena and Processes --- Dentistry - General --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Concepts --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomenon --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiology --- Natural Sciences --- Physical Sciences --- Discipline, Natural Science --- Disciplines, Natural Science --- Natural Science --- Natural Science Discipline --- Physical Science --- Science, Natural --- Science, Physical --- Sciences, Natural --- Sciences, Physical --- Nervous System Physiological Concepts --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomenon --- Nervous System Physiological Process --- Physiology, Nervous System --- Nervous System Physiologic Processes --- Nervous System Physiology --- System Physiology, Nervous --- Nervous System --- Biologic Sciences --- Biological Science --- Science, Biological --- Sciences, Biological --- Biological Sciences --- Life Sciences --- Biologic Science --- Biological Science Discipline --- Discipline, Biological Science --- Disciplines, Biological Science --- Life Science --- Science Discipline, Biological --- Science Disciplines, Biological --- Science, Biologic --- Science, Life --- Sciences, Biologic --- Sciences, Life --- Mouth and Tooth Diseases --- Dental Diseases --- Dental Disease --- Disease, Dental --- Disease, Stomatognathic --- Diseases, Dental --- Diseases, Stomatognathic --- Stomatognathic Disease --- Disease, Tooth --- Diseases, Tooth --- Tooth Disease --- Neuroscience --- Corrective Orthodontics --- Axon Pruning --- Axonal Pruning --- Dendrite Arborization --- Dendrite Pruning --- Dendritic Arborization --- Dendritic Pruning --- Dendritic Remodeling --- Neural Plasticity --- Neurite Pruning --- Neuronal Arborization --- Neuronal Network Remodeling --- Neuronal Pruning --- Neuronal Remodeling --- Neuroplasticity --- Synaptic Plasticity --- Synaptic Pruning --- Plasticity, Neuronal --- Arborization, Dendrite --- Arborization, Dendritic --- Arborization, Neuronal --- Arborizations, Dendrite --- Arborizations, Dendritic --- Arborizations, Neuronal --- Axon Prunings --- Axonal Prunings --- Dendrite Arborizations --- Dendrite Prunings --- Dendritic Arborizations --- Dendritic Prunings --- Dendritic Remodelings --- Network Remodeling, Neuronal --- Network Remodelings, Neuronal --- Neural Plasticities --- Neurite Prunings --- Neuronal Arborizations --- Neuronal Network Remodelings --- Neuronal Plasticities --- Neuronal Prunings --- Neuronal Remodelings --- Neuroplasticities --- Plasticities, Neural --- Plasticities, Neuronal --- Plasticities, Synaptic --- Plasticity, Neural --- Plasticity, Synaptic --- Pruning, Axon --- Pruning, Axonal --- Pruning, Dendrite --- Pruning, Dendritic --- Pruning, Neurite --- Pruning, Neuronal --- Pruning, Synaptic --- Prunings, Axon --- Prunings, Axonal --- Prunings, Dendrite --- Prunings, Dendritic --- Prunings, Neurite --- Prunings, Neuronal --- Prunings, Synaptic --- Remodeling, Dendritic --- Remodeling, Neuronal --- Remodeling, Neuronal Network --- Remodelings, Dendritic --- Remodelings, Neuronal --- Remodelings, Neuronal Network --- Synaptic Plasticities --- Synaptic Prunings --- Cross Bite --- Angle's Classification --- Crossbite --- Tooth Crowding --- Angle Classification --- Angles Classification --- Bite, Cross --- Bites, Cross --- Classification, Angle's --- Cross Bites --- Crossbites --- Crowding, Tooth --- Crowdings, Tooth --- Malocclusions --- Neurobiology, Cellular --- Neurobiology, Molecular --- Cellular Neurobiology --- Molecular Neurobiology --- physiology --- Dentistry. --- Neurology. --- Otolaryngologic surgery. --- Head and Neck Surgery. --- Head --- Surgery. --- Medicine --- Nervous system --- Neuropsychiatry --- Dental surgery --- Odontology --- Surgery, Dental --- Oral medicine --- Teeth --- Neurology . --- Operative otolaryngology --- Otolaryngologic surgery --- Surgery, Operative --- Surgery, Orificial --- Otolaryngology, Operative.

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Neurons in the brain communicate by short electrical pulses, the so-called action potentials or spikes. How can we understand the process of spike generation? How can we understand information transmission by neurons? What happens if thousands of neurons are coupled together in a seemingly random network? How does the network connectivity determine the activity patterns? And, vice versa, how does the spike activity influence the connectivity pattern? These questions are addressed in this 2002 introduction to spiking neurons aimed at those taking courses in computational neuroscience, theoretical biology, biophysics, or neural networks. The approach will suit students of physics, mathematics, or computer science; it will also be useful for biologists who are interested in mathematical modelling. The text is enhanced by many worked examples and illustrations. There are no mathematical prerequisites beyond what the audience would meet as undergraduates: more advanced techniques are introduced in an elementary, concrete fashion when needed.

Computational neuroscience. --- Neural networks (Neurobiology). --- Neurons. --- Neuroplasticity. --- Neurons --- Neuronal Plasticity --- Nerve Net --- Models, Neurological --- Nervous System Physiological Processes --- Models, Biological --- Nervous System --- Cells --- Models, Theoretical --- Anatomy --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomena --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena --- Investigative Techniques --- Phenomena and Processes --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Neuroscience --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Investigative Technics --- Investigative Technic --- Investigative Technique --- Technic, Investigative --- Technics, Investigative --- Technique, Investigative --- Techniques, Investigative --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Concepts --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomenon --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiology --- Neural Networks (Anatomic) --- Nerve Nets --- Net, Nerve --- Nets, Nerve --- Network, Neural (Anatomic) --- Networks, Neural (Anatomic) --- Neural Network (Anatomic) --- Axon Pruning --- Axonal Pruning --- Dendrite Arborization --- Dendrite Pruning --- Dendritic Arborization --- Dendritic Pruning --- Dendritic Remodeling --- Neural Plasticity --- Neurite Pruning --- Neuronal Arborization --- Neuronal Network Remodeling --- Neuronal Pruning --- Neuronal Remodeling --- Neuroplasticity --- Synaptic Plasticity --- Synaptic Pruning --- Brain Plasticity --- Plasticity, Neuronal --- Arborization, Dendrite --- Arborization, Dendritic --- Arborization, Neuronal --- Arborizations, Dendrite --- Arborizations, Dendritic --- Arborizations, Neuronal --- Axon Prunings --- Axonal Prunings --- Brain Plasticities --- Dendrite Arborizations --- Dendrite Prunings --- Dendritic Arborizations --- Dendritic Prunings --- Dendritic Remodelings --- Network Remodeling, Neuronal --- Network Remodelings, Neuronal --- Neural Plasticities --- Neurite Prunings --- Neuronal Arborizations --- Neuronal Network Remodelings --- Neuronal Plasticities --- Neuronal Prunings --- Neuronal Remodelings --- Neuroplasticities --- Plasticities, Brain --- Plasticities, Neural --- Plasticities, Neuronal --- Plasticities, Synaptic --- Plasticity, Brain --- Plasticity, Neural --- Plasticity, Synaptic --- Pruning, Axon --- Pruning, Axonal --- Pruning, Dendrite --- Pruning, Dendritic --- Pruning, Neurite --- Pruning, Neuronal --- Pruning, Synaptic --- Prunings, Axon --- Prunings, Axonal --- Prunings, Dendrite --- Prunings, Dendritic --- Prunings, Neurite --- Prunings, Neuronal --- Prunings, Synaptic --- Remodeling, Dendritic --- Remodeling, Neuronal --- Remodeling, Neuronal Network --- Remodelings, Dendritic --- Remodelings, Neuronal --- Remodelings, Neuronal Network --- Synaptic Plasticities --- Synaptic Prunings --- Cell Plasticity --- Nervous System Physiological Concepts --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomenon --- Nervous System Physiological Process --- Physiology, Nervous System --- Nervous System Physiologic Processes --- Nervous System Physiology --- System Physiology, Nervous --- Anatomies --- Experimental Model --- Experimental Models --- Mathematical Model --- Model, Experimental --- Models (Theoretical) --- Models, Experimental --- Models, Theoretic --- Theoretical Study --- Mathematical Models --- Model (Theoretical) --- Model, Mathematical --- Model, Theoretical --- Models, Mathematical --- Studies, Theoretical --- Study, Theoretical --- Theoretical Model --- Theoretical Models --- Theoretical Studies --- Computer Simulation --- Systems Theory --- Cell --- Cell Biology --- Nervous Systems --- System, Nervous --- Systems, Nervous --- Biological Model --- Biological Models --- Model, Biological --- Models, Biologic --- Biologic Model --- Biologic Models --- Model, Biologic --- Model, Neurological --- Neurologic Model --- Neurological Model --- Neurological Models --- Neurologic Models --- Model, Neurologic --- Models, Neurologic --- Nerve Cells --- Cell, Nerve --- Cells, Nerve --- Nerve Cell --- Neuron --- physiology --- Computational neuroscience --- Neural networks (Neurobiology) --- 681.3*I51 --- Nervous system plasticity --- Neural adaptation --- Neural plasticity --- Neuronal adaptation --- Neuronal plasticity --- Plasticity, Nervous system --- Soft-wired nervous system --- Synaptic plasticity --- Adaptation (Physiology) --- Neurophysiology --- Developmental neurobiology --- Nerve cells --- Neurocytes --- Nervous system --- Biological neural networks --- Nets, Neural (Neurobiology) --- Networks, Neural (Neurobiology) --- Neural nets (Neurobiology) --- Cognitive neuroscience --- Neurobiology --- Neural circuitry --- Computational neurosciences --- Computational biology --- Neurosciences --- 681.3*I51 Models: deterministic; fuzzy set; geometric; statistical; structural (Patternrecognition) --- Models: deterministic; fuzzy set; geometric; statistical; structural (Patternrecognition)

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The articles in this Special Issue cover a very wide range of topics related to the cultivation, management and use of fast-growing tree species. In addition to research on breeding and on the influence of pruning practices on the height growth of paulownia, three articles deal with the influence of site characteristics and nutrient availability on the physiology and yield security of fast-growing tree species. Another article focuses on the modeling of soil carbon in Salix plantations, while the article by Boruszewski et al. reports on potentially suitable areas for the planting of fast-growing tree species in Poland. Zitzmann and Rode examine the impact of short-rotation plantation management on phytodiversity, while Helbig et al. deal with the influence of leaf feeding on the growth of poplars and willows. Finally, Hernandez-Estrada et al. describe the dry matter loss of poplar wood chips during storage.

woody biomass crops --- bioenergy --- biodiversity --- species richness --- flora --- vascular plants --- short rotation coppices --- poplars --- willows --- feeding simulation --- defoliation --- herbivory --- short rotation coppice --- phosphatase activity --- nutrient content --- growth stages --- biomass --- willow --- Salix --- capacity --- European larch --- fast-growing trees --- plantations --- plantation area --- poplar cultivar “Hybrid 275” --- sown area --- biomass production --- life cycle assessment --- climate impact --- soil organic carbon --- genotypic difference --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- genome editing --- Populus --- INRA 717-1B4 --- pyramidal plant habitus --- leaf petiole angle --- branch angle --- nitrogen --- phosphorus --- carbon --- physiology --- F. mandshurica --- Robinia pseudoacacia L. --- photosynthetic vitality --- chlorophyll and phenol content --- nutrition supply --- dry matter yield --- land reclamation --- spring pruning --- year-long pruning --- branching --- angle diversion of sprout --- dry matter losses --- poplar wood chips --- laboratory scale --- cultivable saproxylic microbiota --- n/a --- poplar cultivar "Hybrid 275"