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Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) offers a consolidated view of a complex disorder by summarizing the latest evidence-based studies and translating their findings into practical, actionable knowledge. This concise resource covers the fundamentals of AMD diagnosis and treatment. It operates under a modern definition of AMD which acknowledges the range of presentations that ophthalmologists see in practice. Offering practical, clinical guidance in addition to capturing new therapeutic approaches in the pipeline, this book is an essential reference for ophthalmologists, optometrists, and researchers. . Takes a concise yet comprehensive approach to AMD, covering both basic science and clinical guidance. . Features clinical guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of AMD, including classification, signs/symptoms, imaging, and differential diagnosis in the pre-optical coherence tomography (OCT) and modern OCT eras. . Presents up-to-date information on AMD therapies currently in the development pipeline and offers insights for the future of translational research. . Explains molecular genetics and pathogenic events of AMD from both basic and clinical perspectives, which may help readers seek promising new therapeutic targets . Contains more than 112 full-color illustrations with multimodal imaging techniques that clearly demonstrate AMD pathophysiology and clinical pathology.

Retinal degeneration --- Macular Degeneration --- Age factors. --- diagnosis. --- therapy.

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Retinal Degenerations is the result of The International Symposium on Retinal Degeneration which has become perhaps the most important research meeting in the field. The topics in this volume explore the etiology, cellular mechanisms, epidemiology, generics, models and potential therapeutic measures for the blinding diseases of retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. Special focus is highlighted in the areas of Mechanisms of Photoreceptor Degeneration and Cell Death (extremely important because very little is known how or why photoreceptors die in these diseases, despite an abundance of genetic information), Age-Related Macular Degeneration (with several novel approaches to its analysis), Usher Syndrome (the most severe form of retinitis pigmentosa, which includes an early of congenital loss of hearing along with blindness), and Gene Therapy. In addition, the section on Basic Science Related to Retinal Degeneration is particularly strong with several laboratories reporting on new discoveries in the area of outer segment phagocytosis, a key component of photoreceptor-retinal pigment epithelial cell interactions in normal and degenerating retinas.

Retinal degeneration --- Dystrophy, Retinal --- Macular degeneration --- Retina --- Retinal dystrophy --- Degeneration (Pathology) --- Degeneration --- Diseases --- Ophthalmology. --- Medicine --- Eye

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Perceptual learning can be defined as a long lasting improvement in a perceptual skill following a systematic training, due to changes in brain plasticity at the level of sensory or perceptual areas. Its efficacy has been reported for a number of visual tasks, such as detection or discrimination of visual gratings (De Valois, 1977; Fiorentini & Berardi, 1980, 1981; Mayer, 1983), motion direction discrimination (Ball & Sekuler, 1982, 1987; Ball, Sekuler, & Machamer, 1983), orientation judgments (Fahle, 1997; Shiu & Pashler, 1992; Vogels & Orban, 1985), hyperacuity (Beard, Levi, & Reich, 1995; Bennett & Westheimer, 1991; Fahle, 1997; Fahle & Edelman, 1993; Kumar & Glaser, 1993; McKee & Westheimer, 1978; Saarinen & Levi, 1995), visual search tasks (Ahissar & Hochstein, 1996; Casco, Campana, & Gidiuli, 2001; Campana & Casco, 2003; Ellison & Walsh, 1998; Sireteanu & Rettenbach, 1995) or texture discrimination (Casco et al., 2004; Karni & Sagi, 1991, 1993). Perceptual learning is long-lasting and specific for basic stimulus features (orientation, retinal position, eye of presentation) suggesting a long-term modification at early stages of visual analysis, such as in the striate (Karni & Sagi, 1991; 1993; Saarinen & Levi, 1995; Pourtois et al., 2008) and extrastriate (Ahissar & Hochstein, 1996) visual cortex. Not confined to a basic research paradigm, perceptual learning has recently found application outside the laboratory environment, being used for clinical treatment of a series of visually impairing conditions such as amblyopia (Levi & Polat, 1996; Levi, 2005; Levi & Li, 2009, Polat et al., 2004; Zhou et al., 2006), myopia (Tan & Fong, 2008) or presbyopia (Polat, 2009). Different authors adopted different paradigms and stimuli in order to improve malfunctioning visual abilities, such as Vernier Acuity (Levi, Polat & Hu, 1997), Gratings detection (Zhou et al., 2006), oculomotor training (Rosengarth et al., 2013) and lateral interactions (Polat et al., 2004). The common result of these studies is that a specific training produces not only improvements in trained functions, but also in other, untrained and higher-level visual functions, such as visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and reading speed (Levi et al, 1997a, 1997b; Polat et al., 2004; Polat, 2009; Tan & Fong, 2008). More recently (Maniglia et al. 2011), perceptual learning with the lateral interactions paradigm has been successfully used for improving peripheral vision in normal people (by improving contrast sensitivity and reducing crowding, the interference in target discrimination due to the presence of close elements), offering fascinating new perspectives in the rehabilitation of people who suffer of central vision loss, such as maculopathy patients, partially overcoming the structural differences between fovea and periphery that limit the vision outside the fovea. One of the strongest point, and a distinguishing feature of perceptual learning, is that it does not just improve the subject’s performance, but produces changes in brain’s connectivity and efficiency, resulting in long-lasting, enduring neural changes. By tailoring the paradigms on each subject’s needs, perceptual learning could become the treatment of choice for the rehabilitation of visual functions, emerging as a simple procedure that doesn’t need expensive equipment.

Vision restoration training --- Pathologic nystagmus --- tRNS --- Video Games --- Myopia --- Amblyopia --- Blindness --- Presbyopia --- Crowding --- Macular Degeneration

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Age-related macular degeneration has become the most common cause of blindness. With population ageing AMD will become an ever more prevalent cause of visual loss. Here, an expert panel of experienced clinicians and eminent basic scientists provide an authoritative review on the pathogenesis, epidemiology and risk factors, diagnostic methods, imaging modalities and treatment strategies for age-related macular degeneration. Many excellent photographs and diagrams add to a clear understanding.

Macular Degeneration -- diagnosis. --- Macular Degeneration -- therapy. --- Retinal degeneration -- Diagnosis. --- Retinal degeneration -- Treatment. --- Retinal degeneration --- Eye --- Retinal Degeneration --- Retinal Diseases --- Eye Diseases --- Diseases --- Macular Degeneration --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Ophthalmology & Optometry --- Aging --- Retinal degeneration. --- Aging. --- Dystrophy, Retinal --- Macular degeneration --- Retina --- Retinal dystrophy --- Degeneration --- Medicine. --- Diabetes. --- Geriatrics. --- Ophthalmology. --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Geriatrics/Gerontology. --- Degeneration (Pathology) --- Brittle diabetes --- Diabetes mellitus --- IDDM (Disease) --- Insulin-dependent diabetes --- Ketosis prone diabetes --- Type 1 diabetes --- Carbohydrate intolerance --- Endocrine glands --- Diabetic acidosis --- Glycosylated hemoglobin --- Gerontology --- Older people --- Health and hygiene

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Retinitis pigmentosa. --- Retinal degeneration. --- Dystrophy, Retinal --- Macular degeneration --- Retina --- Retinal dystrophy --- Degeneration (Pathology) --- Pigmentation disorders --- Retinal degeneration --- Degeneration --- Diseases