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This study explores the evolution of Lomonosov's imposing stature in Russian thought from the middle of the eighteenth century to the closing years of the Soviet period. It reveals much about the intersection in Russian culture of attitudes towards the meaning and significance of science, as well as about the rise of a Russian national identity, of which Lomonosov became an outstanding symbol. Idealized depictions of Lomonosov were employed by Russian scientists, historians, and poets, among others, in efforts to affirm to their countrymen and to the state the pragmatic advantages of science to a modernizing nation. In setting forth this assumption, Usitalo notes that no sharply drawn division can be upheld between the utilization of the myth of Lomonosov during the Soviet period of Russian history and that which characterized earlier views. The main elements that formed the mythology were laid down in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; Soviet scholars simply added more exaggerated layers to existing representations.

Authors, Russian --- Enlightenment --- Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilʹevich, --- Ломоносов, Михаил Васильевич, --- Lomonossov, Michail V., --- Lomonossow, Michail Wassiljewitsch, --- Lomonosovas, Michailas Vasiljevičius, --- Ломоносов, М. В. --- Lomonosov, M. V. --- Lomonosov, Mikhaĭlo, --- Lomonosow, Michaelis, --- Łomonosow, Michaił Wasilewicz, --- Łomonosow, Michał, --- Russia --- Civilization --- Soviet Union --- History --- Alexander Pushkin --- Alexander Radishchev --- Isaac Newton --- Leonhard Euler --- Mikhail Lomonosov --- Russian Academy of Sciences --- Russians --- Saint Petersburg

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This book explores the role of causal constraints in science, shifting our attention from causal relations between individual events--the focus of most philosophical treatments of causation-to a broad family of concepts and principles generating constraints on possible change. Yemima Ben-Menahem looks at determinism, locality, stability, symmetry principles, conservation laws, and the principle of least action-causal constraints that serve to distinguish events and processes that our best scientific theories mandate or allow from those they rule out.Ben-Menahem's approach reveals that causation is just as relevant to explaining why certain events fail to occur as it is to explaining events that do occur. She investigates the conceptual differences between, and interrelations of, members of the causal family, thereby clarifying problems at the heart of the philosophy of science. Ben-Menahem argues that the distinction between determinism and stability is pertinent to the philosophy of history and the foundations of statistical mechanics, and that the interplay of determinism and locality is crucial for understanding quantum mechanics. Providing historical perspective, she traces the causal constraints of contemporary science to traditional intuitions about causation, and demonstrates how the teleological appearance of some constraints is explained away in current scientific theories such as quantum mechanics.Causation in Science represents a bold challenge to both causal eliminativism and causal reductionism-the notions that causation has no place in science and that higher-level causal claims are reducible to the causal claims of fundamental physics.

Causation. --- Science --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Philosophy. --- Causalità. --- Bertrand Russell. --- Curie's principle. --- Donald Davidson. --- Erwin Schrödinger. --- God. --- Heisenberg uncertainty relations. --- I. Pitowsky. --- Leonhard Euler. --- Pauli exclusion principle. --- Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis. --- S. Popescu. --- causal constraints. --- causal eliminativism. --- causal family. --- causal reductionism. --- causal relations. --- causality. --- causation. --- causes. --- change. --- conservation laws. --- determinism. --- directionality. --- dynamics. --- emergence. --- entanglement. --- fate. --- gauge freedom. --- gauge theories. --- higher-level causation. --- higher-level eliminativism. --- indeterminism. --- instability. --- lawlessness. --- least action principle. --- locality. --- necessity. --- nonlocality. --- philosophy of mind. --- physical theories. --- physics. --- probability. --- quantum mechanics. --- reasons. --- reduction. --- science. --- stability. --- statistical mechanics. --- sufficient reason principle. --- symmetries. --- teleological thinking. --- teleology. --- variation principles.

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Graph theory goes back several centuries and revolves around the study of graphs-mathematical structures showing relations between objects. With applications in biology, computer science, transportation science, and other areas, graph theory encompasses some of the most beautiful formulas in mathematics-and some of its most famous problems. The Fascinating World of Graph Theory explores the questions and puzzles that have been studied, and often solved, through graph theory. This book looks at graph theory's development and the vibrant individuals responsible for the field's growth. Introducing fundamental concepts, the authors explore a diverse plethora of classic problems such as the Lights Out Puzzle, and each chapter contains math exercises for readers to savor. An eye-opening journey into the world of graphs, The Fascinating World of Graph Theory offers exciting problem-solving possibilities for mathematics and beyond.

Graph theory. --- Graph theory --- Graphs, Theory of --- Theory of graphs --- Combinatorial analysis --- Topology --- Extremal problems --- 1-Factorization Conjecture. --- 1-factorable graph. --- 2-factorable graph. --- Alfred Bray Kempe. --- Alspach's Conjecture. --- Around the World Problem. --- Art Gallery Problem. --- Arthur Cayley. --- Brick-Factory Problem. --- Cayley's Tree Formula. --- Chinese Postman Problem. --- Christian Goldbach. --- Erdős number. --- Euler Identity. --- Euler Polyhedron Formula. --- Eulerian graph. --- First Theorem of Graph Theory. --- Five Color Theorem. --- Five Queens Problem. --- Four Color Conjecture. --- Four Color Problem. --- Gottfried Leibniz. --- Graceful Tree Conjecture. --- Hall's Theorem. --- Hamiltonian graph. --- Herbert Ellis Robbins. --- Icosian Game. --- Instant Insanity. --- Internet. --- Job-Hunters Problem. --- King Chicken Theorem. --- Kirkman's Schoolgirl Problem. --- Knight's Tour Puzzle. --- Kruskal's Algorithm. --- Kuratowski's Theorem. --- Königsberg Bridge Problem. --- Leonhard Euler. --- Lights Out Puzzle. --- Marriage Theorem. --- Minimum Spanning Tree Problem. --- Paul Erdős. --- Peter Guthrie Tait. --- Petersen graph. --- Petersen's Theorem. --- Pierre Fermat. --- Polyhedron Problem. --- Problem of the Five Princes. --- Prüfer code. --- Ramsey number. --- Reconstruction Problem. --- Road Coloring Theorem. --- Robbins's Theorem. --- Sir William Rowan Hamilton. --- Steiner triple system. --- Thomas Penyngton Kirkman. --- Three Friends or Three Strangers Problem. --- Three Houses and Three Utilities Problem. --- Traveling Salesman Problem. --- Traveller's Dodecahedron. --- Tutte's Theorem. --- Vizing's Theorem. --- Voyage Round the World. --- Wagner's Conjecture. --- What Is Mathematics?. --- William Tutte. --- bipartite graph. --- bridge. --- chromatic index. --- coloring. --- complete graph. --- complex numbers. --- connected graph. --- crossing number. --- cyclic decomposition. --- decision tree. --- distance. --- dominating set. --- edge coloring. --- geometry of position. --- graceful graph. --- graph theory. --- graph. --- icosian calculus. --- irregular graph. --- irregular multigraph. --- isomorphic graph. --- leaf. --- mathematicians. --- mathematics. --- orientation. --- oriented graph. --- planar graph. --- problem solving. --- regular graph. --- round robin tournament. --- subgraph. --- theorem. --- tree. --- vertex coloring. --- voting. --- weighted graph.