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To celebrate the 270th anniversary of the De Gruyter publishing house, the company is providing permanent open access to 270 selected treasures from the De Gruyter Book Archive. Titles will be made available to anyone, anywhere at any time that might be interested. The DGBA project seeks to digitize the entire backlist of titles published since 1749 to ensure that future generations have digital access to the high-quality primary sources that De Gruyter has published over the centuries.

Denken. --- Effizienz. --- Empiriokritizismus. --- Kraft. --- PHILOSOPHY / General.

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Mit der Formulierung der Allgemeinen Gleichgewichtstheorie liegt ein systematischer Ansatz in der ökonomischen Theoriegeschichte vor, die ökonomische Wissenschaft als eine den Naturwissenschaften analoge, exakte Wissenschaftsdisziplin auszuweisen und von der Moralsphäre abzugrenzen. Dieses utopische Ansinnen der Abgrenzung von ethischen Überlegungen führte mittels methodologischer Ummodellierungen jedoch nur zu einer kontinuierlichen Beschneidung der Aussagenreichweite der ökonomischen Wissenschaft und der Verschleierung der zugrundeliegenden Werturteile. Die Arbeit geht diesem Anspruch idealtypisch am Beispiel von L. Walras, F. Knight, L. Robbins und M. Friedman nach. Sie zeigt auf, dass die theoriegeschichtliche Entwicklung nicht eine kontinuierliche im Sinne des wissenschaftlichen Fortschritts darstellte und sucht die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Wissenschaft und Ethik aufzudecken.

dogmenthistorische --- Eine --- Ethik --- Friedman --- Friedman, Milton --- Knight, Frank Hyneman --- Kraft --- Léon --- Methodologie --- Milton --- Monetarismus --- Naturwissenschaft --- Neoklassische Theorie --- Ökonomie --- Theoriegeschichte --- Untersuchung --- Walras --- Walras, Léon --- Wirtschaftsethik --- Wissenschaft --- zwischen

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The intention of the book is to reduce the enormous Austrian research deficiency concerning the reappraisal of the sporting life during the NS-era. Therefore it will depict all sportive areas on the "Austrian" territory between March 1938 and April 1945, including top sports and sports for all, mass and minority sports, sports in clubs, youth sports and also sports practices of the formations of the NSDAP. Due to the enormous quantity of material, this overview will be contrasted by a precise analysis of three specific periods: the months after the "connection", the autumn 1939 and the period after Stalingrad. It can be shown, that and how the regime dictated the basic conditions of sports, but there can also be found some grey area, in which those who were involved found resp. created freedom by strategies of mutual adaptation. This freedom was used by different groups in specific ways: by the regime to calm down the working class or to soothe anti-Prussian resentments, by the athletes to get some privileges and by the spectators to keep a glimpse of good luck. Not instrumentalisation defined sports, but a negotiation of interests. It is just gaze on the everyday life of sports and the inherent permanent negotiations between regime and the people, that refer to the book's contribution to the long term discussion on national socialism, which exceeds the field of sports: The political and cultural system of the Nazi-era could not be understood by looking at power, competences or possibilities of the regime in comparison with the people's experiences and feelings of subjection, from which historical sciences construct the image of an interlude, which cannot be included in the evolutionary development of modernity. Looking on sports not only claryfies, to which extent cultural traditions led on and how "normality" was kept alive, but shows, in which ways changes and new valuations were obviously shared and use by the people. This concerned changing definitions of the sense of community, of gender, youth, work and performance. The special importance of sports can be found in substantiating these articulations by giving them authenticity and tracing them back to the nature of men. The analysis of sporting life in the NS-era may serve as an cause for questioning the contemporary gaze on the Nazi state. For all people, who were allowed to be included, life in national socialism offered - in spite of holocaust and World War - supply of a pleasant, self-determined and enjoyable livelihood. Who leaves aside or overlooks this facet of the Nazi dictatorship, will not be able to understand the acceptance and fascination of the regime and evoke just this often senseless metaphors of refusal, which mostly shape actual discourses.

Sports --- National socialism and sports --- History --- Sports and national socialism --- Field sports --- Pastimes --- Recreations --- Recreation --- Athletics --- Games --- Outdoor life --- Physical education and training --- Sport --- National Socialism --- Popular Culture --- Austria --- Deutschland --- Fußball --- Hitlerjugend --- Kraft durch Freude --- NS-Staat --- Österreich --- Sturmabteilung --- Wien

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Moving towards a sustainable and green economy requires the use of renewable resources for the production of fuels, chemicals, and materials. In such a scenario, the use of lignocellulosic biomass and waste streams plays an important role, as it consists of abundant renewable resources. The complex nature of lignocellulosic biomass dictates the use of a pretreatment process prior to any further processing. Traditional methods of biomass pretreatment fail to recover cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in clean streams. It has been recognized that the efficient use of all the main fractions of lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) is an important step towards a financially sustainable biomass biorefinery. In this context, switching from biomass pretreatment to biomass fractionation can offer a sustainable solution to recover relatively clean streams of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This Special issue aims at exploring the most advanced solutions in biomass and waste pretreatment and fractionation techniques, together with novel (thermo)chemical and biochemical processes for the conversion of fractionated cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin to bioenergy, bio-based chemicals, and biomaterials, including the application of such products (i.e., use of biochar for filtration and metallurgical processes), as well as recent developments in kinetic, thermodynamic, and numeric modeling of conversion processes. The scope of this Special Issue will also cover progress in advanced measuring methods and techniques used in the characterization of biomass, waste, and products.

Acacia tortilis --- biofuel --- biomass --- pine dust --- pyrolysis --- Napier grass --- bioethanol --- biomass fractionation --- enzyme hydrolysis --- acid pretreatment --- alkali pretreatment --- microwave-assisted pretreatment --- pretreatment parameters --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- glucose --- xylose --- lignocellulosic sugars --- microbial lipid --- olive mill wastewater --- Cryptococcus curvatus --- Lipomyces starkeyi --- lignin --- organosolv fractionation --- TGA --- 31P NMR --- HSQC --- heat treatment --- charcoal --- electrical resistivity --- coal --- coke --- high-temperature treatment --- organosolv --- Kraft lignin --- etherification --- lignin functionalization --- thermoplastics --- oxidative lignin upgrade --- catalytic lignin oxidation --- vanadate --- molybdate --- ionosolv --- biomimetic --- bio-based reductant --- ferroalloy industry --- kiln --- 2nd generation sugars --- lignocellulose --- hydrolyzate --- biorefinery --- furfural --- hydroxymethylfurfural --- bioeconomy --- life cycle assessment --- sustainable biomass growth --- mining --- metallurgical coke --- n/a

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Recently, there has been a growing awareness of the need to make better use of natural resources. Hence, the utilization of biomass has led to so-called biorefinery, consisting of the fractionation or separation of the different components of the lignocellulosic materials in order to achieve a total utilization of the same, and not only of the cellulosic fraction for paper production. The use of plant biomass as a basic raw material implies a shift from an economy based on the exploitation of non-renewable fossil fuels, with limited reserves or with regeneration cycles far below the rates of exploitation, to a bioeconomy based on the use of renewable organic natural resources, with balanced regeneration and extraction cycles. To make this change, profound readjustments in existing technologies are necessary, as well as the application of new approaches in research, development, and production."Biorefinery" is the term used to describe the technology for the fractionation of plant biomass into energy, chemicals, and consumer goods. The future generation of biorefinery will include treatments, leading to high-value-added compounds. The use of green chemistry technologies and principles in biorefineries, such as solvent and reagent recovery and the minimization of effluent and gas emissions, is essential to define an economically and environmentally sustainable process.In particular, the biorefinery of lignocellulosic materials to produce biofuels, chemicals and materials is presented as a solid alternative to the current petrochemical platform and a possible solution to the accumulation of greenhouse gases.

lignocellulosic biomass --- solid-state fermentation --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- aerated bioreactor --- Aspergillus oryzae --- lignin --- lignocellulose --- aromatics --- biobased --- epoxy --- fatty acid --- biopolymers --- biobased materials --- biorenewable --- bio-based filament --- 3D printing --- sugarcane bagasse pulp --- barley straw --- composite --- flexural strength --- biobased polyethylene --- nanocellulose --- β-cyclodextrin --- cryogels --- films --- biomaterials --- cellulose --- dialdehyde cellulose --- organosilane chemistry --- 29Si NMR --- solid state NMR --- silanization --- lignocellulose valorization --- ‘lignin-first’ --- reductive catalytic fractionation --- lignocellulose nanofibers --- horticultural residues --- paperboard --- recycling --- biosurfactants --- enzymatic saccharification --- fermentation --- quinoa saponins --- steam-pretreated spruce --- lignocellulosic material --- xylose --- furfural --- iron chloride --- microwave reactor --- biorefinery --- electrosynthesis --- biomass --- carbohydrate --- saccharides --- electro-oxidation --- electroreduction --- residue --- agro-industry --- high-value products --- banana --- torrefaction --- Jerusalem artichoke --- biofuel --- energy crops --- agiculture --- micro-fibrillated cellulose --- formaldehyde adhesives --- wood-based panels --- kraft lignin --- adsorbent material --- copper adsorption --- H2S adsorption --- H2S removal --- n/a --- 'lignin-first'