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Le présent ouvrage, initié par les jeunes chercheurs du Centre de théorie et d'analyse du droit (CTAD), propose une réflexion sur la manière dont s'entend et se pratique l'interdisciplinarité dans la communauté des juristes. À partir de communications faites lors de journées d'étude organisées les 5 & 6 octobre 2011 à l'université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, les réflexions menées posent les contours d'une interdisciplinarité qui reste largement à construire dans le domaine juridique. Il s'agit à la fois de penser et de pratiquer l'interdisciplinarité, c'est-à-dire d'interroger les possibilités et l'intérêt épistémologique de l'interdisciplinarité d'une part, et d'autre part, d'examiner à partir de situations ou d'objets divers, les différents usages qui donnent naissance à la mise en oeuvre d'une pratique inter- ou pluridisciplinaire.

Law --- droit --- inter-pluri-disciplinarité

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"Though the first decades of the twentieth century witnessed extensive U.S. intervention in Latin American affairs, the United States started to back away from overtly flexing its military muscle to gain power and control, instead using a type of "soft power" more in tune with the spirit of cooperation and collaboration. This new policy, often viewed as female attributes of Pan Americanism, opened the door for women to gain a foothold on the inter-American stage. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, these Pan American women's movements emerged with the founding of a variety of international organizations that began a worldwide campaign to improve women's lives. In A Hemisphere of Women E. Sue Wamsley analyzes the history of the Inter-American Commission of Women: the first all-female, government-affiliated body to deal specifically with women's civil and political rights in a transnational arena. She examines how women who had semi-official government roles worked within a neocolonial, male-dominated diplomatic setting to bring about change. U.S. women assumed that they would be the "natural" leaders, stereotyping their Latin American colleagues as unsophisticated and inexperienced. Party members quickly learned, however, that they had underestimated their Latin American sisters, who also had ideas about women's rights and how the campaign should be run. Utilizing the policy of "soft power," the women, with the help of Latin American officials, managed to work around cultural differences and define common goals rooted in the advancement of women's civil and political rights, giving hemispheric women a recognized position in shaping transnational gender law. Wamsley's innovative analysis at once addresses a void in scholarship and interweaves the history of Pan Americanism, foreign relations, and imperialism with that of women. "-- ""A Hemisphere of Women" focuses on the first Pan American women's organization dealing specifically with women's civil and political rights in a transnational arena in the early twentieth century"--

Women's rights --- History --- Inter-American Commission of Women. --- Inter-American Commission of Women

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Ethnic conflict. --- Conflict, Ethnic --- Ethnic violence --- Inter-ethnic conflict --- Interethnic conflict --- Ethnic relations --- Social conflict

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The crises we are going through call into question the models of society on which our priorities and actions are based. How can we regain the capacity to act for an ideal of social and ecological justice? How can How can we remobilise our senses and inhabit our territories with awareness and responsibility? Various avenues are being explored by the international community, States and civil society to make the relationship between social well-being and the state of the environment more explicit. But none of them seems to be able to really take root in the decision-making process. The commons deal with these relationships in a sensitive and reasoned way. This book is the result of 20 years of committed research and transdisciplinary thinking by a group of researchers involved in international cooperation with Southern countries (jurist, economist, modeller, sociologist, geographer, ecologist, agronomist, computer scientist). By simultaneously apprehending the needs of humans and non-humans, the common property approach to land and resources presented in this book invites us to identify and invest in the room for manoeuvre that will allow the diversity of users to assert their prerogatives and assume their duties. The proposed social innovation constitutes the crucible for the inclusion of non-humans in collectives that are instituted, if not sometimes institutionalised. The "actors of living together" thus acquire a capacity for analysis and commitment that they are obliged to make explicit; they mobilise tools and methods that facilitate collective action; and they seek to reach agreement in order to deal with uncertainties. The strengthening of social ties and the resulting ecological awareness are the driving force behind new projects for territories to be co-constructed based on a "shared experience" and a rethought governance. This book is intended for students, political and territorial actors, scientists, development operators, representatives of civil society, in a word, all the actors of the living together mobilized in front of the social and ecological emergency at the scale of the lived spaces.

Interregionalism. --- Inter-regional relations --- Interregional relations --- Transregional relations --- Transregionalism --- International relations --- Regionalism

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Recent developments in various “OMICs” fields have revolutionized our understanding of the vast diversity and ubiquity of microbes in the biosphere. However, most of the current paradigms of microbial cell biology, and our view of how microbes live and what they are capable of, are derived from in vitro experiments on isolated strains. Even the co-culturing of mixed species to interrogate community behavior is relatively new. But the majority of microorganisms lives in complex communities in natural environments, under varying conditions, and often cannot be cultivated. Unless we obtain a detailed understanding of the near-native 3D ultrastructure of individual community members, the 3D spatial community organization, their metabolic interdependences, coordinated gene expression and the spatial organization of their macromolecular machines inventories as well as their communication strategies, we won’t be able to truly understand microbial community life. How spatial and also temporal organization in cell–cell interactions are achieved remains largely elusive. For example, a key question in microbial ecology is what mechanisms microbes employ to respond when faced with prey, competitors or predators, and changes in external factors. Specifically, to what degree do bacterial cells in biofilms act individually or with coordinated responses? What are the spatial extent and coherence of coordinated responses? In addition, networks linking organisms across a dynamic range of physical constraints and connections should provide the basis for linked evolutionary changes under pressure from a changing environment. Therefore, we need to investigate microbial responses to altered or adverse environmental conditions (including phages, predators, and competitors) and their macromolecular, metabolic responses according to their spatial organization. We envision a diverse set of tools, including optical, spectroscopical, chemical and ultrastructural imaging techniques that will be utilized to address questions regarding e.g. intra- and inter-organism interactions linked to ultrastructure, and correlated adaptive responses in gene expression, physiological and metabolic states as a consequence of the alterations of their environment. Clearly strategies for co-evolution and in general the display of adaptive strategies of a microbial network as a response to the altered environment are of high interest. While a special focus will be placed on terrestrial sole-species or mixed biofilms, we are also interested in aquatic systems, biofilms in general and microbes living in symbiosis. In this Research Topic, we wish to summarize and review results investigating interactions and possibly networks between microbes of the same or different species, their co-occurrence, as well as spatiotemporal patterns of distribution. Our goal is to include a broad spectrum of experimental and theoretical contributions, from research and review articles to hypothesis and theory, aiming at understanding microbial interactions at a systems level.

Microbiology. --- uncultivated biofilms --- Archaea --- inter-species interactions --- microbial communities --- microbial networks