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The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has recently estimated that the world equid population exceeds 110 million. Working equids (horses, ponies, donkeys, and mules) remain essential to ensure the livelihood of poor communities around the world. In many developed countries, the equine industry has significant economical weight, with around 7 million horses in Europe alone. The close relationship between humans and equids and the fact that the athlete horse is the terrestrial mammal that travels the most worldwide after humans are important elements to consider in the transmission of pathogens and diseases, amongst equids and to other species. The potential effect of climate change on vector ecology and vector-borne diseases is also of concern for both human and animal health. In this Special Issue, we intend to explore our understanding of a panel of equine viruses, looking at their pathogenicity, their importance in terms of welfare and potential association with diseases, their economic importance and impact on performance, and how their identification can be helped by new technologies and methods.

hematophagous arthropod --- n/a --- abortion --- hepacivirus A --- Borna disease virus --- virus transmission --- virus stock propagation --- nucleoprotein --- influenza A viruses --- equine parvovirus-hepatitis --- neuropathogenic strain --- sequencing --- arbovirus --- virome --- transmission --- Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 --- interspecies transmission --- respiratory disease --- outbreak --- ORF34 --- ORF33 --- vaccine strategies --- ORF30 --- flavivirus --- in utero transmission --- non-primate hepacivirus --- risk factors --- Animal Rule --- equine herpesvirus type 1 --- African horse sickness --- polymerase activity --- horse parvovirus-CSF --- insects --- equine hepacivirus --- horse --- Parvoviridae --- Equid herpesviruses --- phylogeny --- ORF68 --- virus structure --- PCR --- Germany --- equine rhinitis virus A --- loss of performance --- ELISA --- myeloencephalopathy --- strain selection --- Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus --- equine Mx1 --- enteric disease --- cDNA cloned virus --- fetuses --- Eqcopivirus --- equine coronavirus --- Ireland --- MxA --- genital wart --- equine papillomaviruses --- equine parvovirus H --- replication --- virus neutralization --- MLST --- mosquito-borne virus --- seroprevalence --- equine influenza --- rabies --- evolution --- spike S1 protein --- hepatitis --- Thoroughbred racehorses --- vaccine --- bosavirus --- encephalitis --- West Nile virus --- horses

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Chronic Hepatitis C Virus: Advances in Treatment, Promise for the Future documents the monumental advances that have been made in our understanding of chronic HCV during the past decade. The first section reviews the natural history of chronic HCV, how this virus can affect other organs in addition to the liver, and whether treating chronic HCV alters the natural history of this disease. Section 2 reviews the advances that have been made in the treatment of chronic HCV during the past decade with interferon based therapy. Separate chapters on response guided therapy and how to manage the adverse events associated with these medications provide the physician with the concepts required to more effectively treat chronic HCV now and in the future. As the genetics of virologic response have recently been elucidated, a chapter is devoted to helping the clinician understand how genes that modulate disease processes and their treatment are identified and utilized in clinical care. Section 3 deals with the future of HCV treatment and specific inhibitors of HCV. Specific chapters explain how targets for drugs are identified and how drugs are then developed and tested; how mutations of HCV develop and how anti-viral agents will affect this process; the most up to date data regarding the treatment of chronic HCV with peginterferon, ribavirin and anti-viral agents; and the potential to treat chronic HCV with just oral anti-viral agents and without peginterferon and ribavirin in the future. The final section of this book covers issues related to liver transplantation in patients with chronic HCV. Separate chapters review the natural history of chronic HCV in liver transplant recipients and the impact of utilizing HCV positive donors. The volume concludes with chapters that cover the treatment of chronic HCV both prior to and after liver transplantation with potent anti-viral agents. Chronic Hepatitis C Virus: Advances in Treatment, Promise for the Future is a valuable resource for all physicians caring for patients with chronic HCV.

Chronic diseases -- Treatment. --- Hepatitis C -- Treatment. --- Hepatitis, Chronic --- Flaviviridae --- Tissue Transplantation --- Hepatitis Viruses --- Hepatitis C --- Digestive System Surgical Procedures --- Anti-Infective Agents --- Organ Transplantation --- Transplantation --- Hepatitis --- Viruses --- Hepatitis, Viral, Human --- Therapeutic Uses --- Surgical Procedures, Operative --- Flaviviridae Infections --- RNA Viruses --- Vertebrate Viruses --- Liver Diseases --- Organisms --- Virus Diseases --- Pharmacologic Actions --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- RNA Virus Infections --- Digestive System Diseases --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Diseases --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Hepatitis C, Chronic --- Liver Transplantation --- Antiviral Agents --- Hepacivirus --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Gastroenterology --- Hepatitis C. --- Liver --- Chronic diseases. --- Diseases. --- Diseases, Chronic --- NCDs (Noncommunicable diseases) --- Non-communicable diseases --- Non-infectious diseases --- Noncommunicable diseases --- Hepatitis, Non-A, non-B --- Non-A, non-B hepatitis, Parenterally-transmitted --- Parenterally-transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis --- Medicine. --- Gastroenterology. --- Hepatology. --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Flaviviral diseases --- Hepatitis, Viral --- Clinical medicine. --- Internal medicine --- Digestive organs --- Medicine, Clinical --- Gastroenterology .