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Radicals (Chemistry) --- Chromatophores. --- Pigment cells --- Animal pigments --- Chloroplasts --- Epithelial cells --- Plant pigments --- Plastids --- Protoplasm --- Chemical radicals --- Functional groups

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The work presented in Thomas M. Gøgsig's thesis deals with the discovery of new metal-catalyzed transformations ranging from Kumada-, Heck- and Suzuki-type reactions. The thesis starts with a formidable introduction to Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. New results have been obtained on: (i) Pd-catalyzed 1,2-migration reactions, (ii) Pd-catalyzed Heck reactions employing heteroaromatic tosylates, (iii) Ni-catalyzed Heck reactions, and (iv) Pd-catalyzed carbonylative Heck reactions. Metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are today a highly competititve field (the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis", the 2001 and 2005 Nobel Prizes in closely related fields). Thomas M. Gøgsig obtained new results in his thesis that will help to improve the outcome of catalytic processes and improve their scope. The results will thus become key references for tomorrow's new applications. All chapters include insightful discussions and in-depth descriptions of the key principles of these new discoveries.

Functional groups. --- Physical organic chemistry -- Research -- Congresses. --- Physical organic chemistry. --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Organic Chemistry --- Transition metal hydrides. --- Chemistry. --- Organometallic chemistry. --- Catalysis. --- Organometallic Chemistry. --- Hydrides --- Transition metal compounds --- Chemistry, Organic. --- Activation (Chemistry) --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Surface chemistry --- Organic chemistry --- Chemistry, Organometallic --- Metallo-organic chemistry --- Chemistry, Organic --- Physical sciences --- Organometallic chemistry .

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The use of solid catalysts for the upgrade of renewable sources gives the opportunity to combine the two main cores of green chemistry, that is, on the one hand, the set-up of sustainable processes and, on the other, the use of biomass-derived materials. Solid catalysts have taken on a leading role in traditional petrochemical processes and could represent a key tool in new biorefinery-driven technologies.

biorefinery --- lignin --- citronellal --- biofuel production --- calcination temperature --- carbohydrates --- biomass valorization --- liquid phase reductive depolymerization --- terpenoids --- heterogeneous catalysis --- propylene glycol --- transition metals --- transfer hydrogenation --- acidic clays --- phenolic and aromatic compounds --- biofuels --- aqueous phase --- supported metals --- hybrid materials --- amination --- heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts --- CuZn catalysts --- catalytic materials --- terpenes --- Lewis acids --- surface functional groups --- value-added products --- carbon nanotubes --- ethylene glycol --- biochar-supported metal catalysts --- calcination atmosphere --- xylitol --- alditol --- HMF --- biomass --- metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) --- hydrothermal carbonization --- solid-acid catalyst --- NMR --- solid base catalyst --- catalytic transfer hydrogenation --- surface functionalization --- transesterification --- biomass conversion --- hydrogen donors --- hydrogenolysis --- octahydroacridines --- solid acids

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In the biochemical reactions that take place within all living beings, species called free radicals are generated. Denham Harman, in his study on the origin and evolution of life (Harman, 2001), proposes that these species are amongst the causes of the origin of life on our planet. Oxygen is a molecule that provides the primary source of energy in aerobic organisms and therefore is key to the development and evolution of life. On the one hand, it gives rise to life; on the other, due to its ability to form different free radicals, it is capable of damaging essential structures for development. To combat these radicals, our biological systems have developed antioxidant defenses. However, when the balance between free radicals and antioxidant defenses is broken in favor of the former, a phenomenon called oxidative stress occurs, which ends up damaging molecules such as DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids (Sies, 1983) (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 1985). This phenomenon is implicated both in the development of diseases and in their progression. In addition, inflammation phenomena are also involved in most pathologies, which, although they are essential for tissue repair and immunity, turn against our bodies when they become excessively active. For these reasons, in this special edition we showcase an extensive knowledge of the effects of oxidative stress and inflammation both in diseases such as aging, or for its role in health.

Public health & preventive medicine --- diospyrin --- lipopolysaccharide --- anti-inflammation --- macrophages --- nitric oxide --- cytokine --- calcium --- CHOP --- Fas --- p38 MAPK --- Astragalus mongholicus Bunge --- danazol --- telomere --- telomerase --- aging --- diabetic kidney disease --- oxidative stress --- redox imbalance --- hyperimmunized milk --- exercise --- inflammation --- intestinal permeability --- acute respiratory distress syndrome --- antiplatelet --- aspirin --- therapy --- gender --- membrane erythrocyte --- hydroperoxides --- biomarker --- DPPP --- DPH --- TMA --- cardiovascular disease --- data analysis --- precision–recall --- Mediterranean diet --- Oriental diet --- nutrition --- polyphenols --- microbiota --- health --- n-3 PUFAs --- endogenous antioxidants --- anti-inflammatory response --- cardiovascular diseases --- dry eye syndrome --- corneal damage --- tear lipidome --- 5-lipoxigenase --- leukotriene B4 --- prostaglandins --- dimethyl sulfoxide --- zileuton --- air pollution --- soot --- particulate matter --- lung inflammation --- functional groups --- microglia --- porcine liver decomposition product --- lysophospholipids --- mild cognitive impairment --- dementia --- neuroinflammation --- cytokines --- oxygen reactive species --- caloric restriction --- oxidative balance --- adiponectin --- plasma --- white adipose tissue --- experimental model --- anti-inflammatory diets --- inflammatory response --- chronic inflammation --- low grade chronic inflammation --- inflammatory models --- cyclophosphamide --- doxorubicin --- docetaxel --- paclitaxel --- n/a --- precision-recall

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This Special Issue consists of fourteen original scientific articles concerning different problems associated with the water quality of freshwater ecosystems in a temperate climate. Most of the articles deal with the relationship between water quality and the structure of ecosystem biocenoses. The conclusion of these articles confirms the fact that the deterioration of water quality has a direct impact on the quantitative and qualitative structure of biocenoses. This is accompanied by a decline in biodiversity and the disappearance of rare plant and animal species. They also draw attention to the particular importance of internal physical and chemical differentiation within the aquatic ecosystem, both in horizontal and vertical dimensions. The problem of ensuring proper ecological conditions and good quality of water in freshwater aquatic ecosystems is also raised, and various methods for the restoration of water bodies are presented. This Special Issue contributes to a better understanding of the causes of water quality deterioration, the mechanisms responsible for the functioning of ecosystems, including the decrease of biodiversity and the possibilities of improving their condition. Thus, it can be helpful for regaining the good ecological status of water bodies required by the Water Framework Directive.

biomanipulation --- chlorophyll-a --- hypolimnion aeration --- nutrients --- phosphorus inactivation --- invertebrates --- hydrological regime --- diversity --- water bodies --- water quality --- strontium isotopes --- springs --- meromictic lake --- eutrophication --- catchment --- nutrient load --- agriculture --- European Water Framework Directive --- shallow lake --- stratified lake --- functional groups of phytoplankton --- innovative method of restoration --- oxygenation near the bottom sediments --- phytoplankton biomass --- restoration treatment --- small lake --- sustainable restoration --- rotifers --- microcrustaceans --- aquatic vegetation --- small water bodies --- human-induced impact --- ecological assessment --- macroinvertebrates --- zooplankton --- anthropogenic impact --- stream ecology --- riverbed regulation --- soft water lake --- Lobelia dortmanna --- Littorella uniflora --- Isoëtes lacustris --- human impact --- cyanobacteria --- Daphnia --- harmful algal bloom mitigation --- phytoplankton --- reactive oxygen specie --- water level fluctuation --- multi-proxy approach --- Cladocera --- Chironomidae --- diatoms --- Northern Europe --- West Africa --- climate change --- rainfall variability --- riverbanks --- floodplain lakes --- Carabidae --- stenotopic species --- assemblage --- overgrown --- surface microlayer --- phytoneuston --- metals --- urban water body --- ciliate assemblages --- oxygen concentration --- ecological optimum --- lake --- freshwater habitats --- biodiversity --- aquatic plants --- plankton assemblages --- water cycle --- freshwater ecosystems restoration