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"P.S. Lewis's work has done much to make the history of Prance in the later middle ages more accessible to the English reader and to establish new lines of enquiry and interpretation. The book's central theme is the physical and mental structure of French politics in the period. Following a general survey, the author illustrates his arguments by examining a series of institutions, attitudes and ideas."--Bloomsbury Publishing.

France --- Great Britain --- History --- Fifteenth century.

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What did you do when you fell ill in fifteenth-century Florence? How did you get the medicines that you needed at a price you could afford? What would you find when you entered an apothecary’s shop? This richly detailed study of the Speziale al Giglio in Florence provides surprising answers, demonstrating the continued importance of highly personalised medical practice late into the fifteenth century. Drawing on extensive archival research, it shows how personal relationships and mutual trust, rather than market forces, made payment possible even for those with limited incomes. Examining the spaces, people and products involved, Making and Marketing Medicine investigates the roles played by sociability, information networks and regulation in creating communities as well as in promoting health in Renaissance Italy.

History of Italy --- History of human medicine --- anno 1400-1499 --- Florence --- Drugstores --- Public health --- Pharmaceutical Preparations --- Drug Prescriptions --- History, 15th Century --- History, 16th Century --- Marketing --- Pharmacies --- History --- history --- Italy. --- E-books --- 16th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 16th Cent. History of Medicine --- 16th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 16th Century --- History of Medicine, 16th Cent. --- History, Sixteenth Century --- Medical History, 16th Cent. --- Medicine, 16th Cent. --- 16th Century History --- 16th Cent. Histories (Medicine) --- 16th Century Histories --- Cent. Histories, 16th (Medicine) --- Cent. History, 16th (Medicine) --- Century Histories, 16th --- Century Histories, Sixteenth --- Century History, 16th --- Century History, Sixteenth --- Histories, 16th Cent. (Medicine) --- Histories, 16th Century --- Histories, Sixteenth Century --- History, 16th Cent. (Medicine) --- Sixteenth Century Histories --- Sixteenth Century History --- 15th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 15th Cent. History of Medicine --- 15th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 15th Century --- History of Medicine, 15th Cent. --- History, Fifteenth Century --- Medical History, 15th Cent. --- Medicine, 15th Cent. --- 15th Century History --- 15th Cent. Histories (Medicine) --- 15th Century Histories --- Cent. Histories, 15th (Medicine) --- Cent. History, 15th (Medicine) --- Century Histories, 15th --- Century Histories, Fifteenth --- Century History, 15th --- Century History, Fifteenth --- Fifteenth Century Histories --- Fifteenth Century History --- Histories, 15th Cent. (Medicine) --- Histories, 15th Century --- Histories, Fifteenth Century --- History, 15th Cent. (Medicine) --- Community health --- Health services --- Hygiene, Public --- Hygiene, Social --- Public health services --- Public hygiene --- Social hygiene --- Health --- Human services --- Biosecurity --- Health literacy --- Medicine, Preventive --- National health services --- Sanitation --- Apothecaries (Drugstores) --- Apothecary shops --- Chemists' shops --- Drug stores --- Pharmaceutical services --- Stores, Retail --- Sardinia --- Drugstores. --- Public health. --- 1400 - 1499 --- Italy --- Forence --- Medicine --- Health Workforce

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The publication is focused on late medieval pottery products with higher aesthetical effect. The key group is represented by stove tiles, where the unifying elements of relief decoration helped to define series of motifs for stoves with specific iconographic concept, which were found in various locations. The same approach can be also used with small ceramic sculptures, aquamaniles and relief-decorated floor tiles, even though the achieved information value in these cases is much lower. Micropetrographic, XRF and other analyses helped to identify the production centres and the distribution model of these ceramic groups. 3D documentation enabled a detailed comparison of differences between individual reliefs and specific traces of manufacturing procedures. Individual chapters contain active links to the source database of analysed items and to 3D models of selected specimens from reference collections.

Archaeology --- stove tiles --- small ceramic sculptures --- aquamaniles --- ewers with zoomorphic spouts --- relief floor tiles --- Middle Ages --- analytical methods --- 3D documentation --- Cultural history --- Architecture --- Visual Arts --- Aesthetics --- Local History / Microhistory --- 13th to 14th Centuries --- 15th Century --- History of Art --- Civilization --- Art. --- Fifteenth century. --- Art --- History.

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The book presents an analysis of selected domains of morphosyntactic variation in a 250,000 word collection of the Middle English Paston Letters (1421-1503) from a historical sociolinguistic point of view. In the three case studies, two nominal and one verbal variable are described and discussed in detail: the replacement of Old English ‹h-› pronouns by borrowed ‹th-› pronouns, the introduction and spread of the ‹wh-› relativizers, and the spread and routinization of light verb constructions (take, make, give, have, do plus deverbal noun). While the study aims at a balanced integration of theories and methods from a number of different approaches in sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, typology, and language change, its main focus is social network theory and the role of the linguistic individual in the formation and change of language structures. Questions of individual language use and of deliberate versus unmonitored changes in the (individual) system take center stage and are discussed in the light of social network analysis. Traditional empirical social network analysis is carefully revised. Despite its many merits in present-day sociolinguistics, it often needs to be supplemented by hermeneutic-biographical analyses of the individual speakers' lives when applied to historical data. With this background, common theories and models of language change, such as grammaticalization, paradigmatic pressure, typological alignment, and generational shifts, are illustrated and evaluated from the point of view of single speakers and social groups, and their particular embedding in the speech community through various network structures. The book is of interest to advanced students and researchers in English and general linguistics, Middle English, historical linguistics and language change, corpus linguistics, as well as sociolinguistics.

Historical linguistics --- English language --- Grammar --- Sociolinguistics --- anno 1400-1499 --- Grammar, Historical. --- Variation. --- Paston letters. --- Grammar, Historical --- Variation --- Diachronic linguistics --- Dynamic linguistics --- Evolutionary linguistics --- Language and languages --- Language and society --- Society and language --- Sociology of language --- History --- Social aspects --- Sociological aspects --- Paston letters, A.D. 1422-1509 --- Paston letters and papers of the fifteenth century --- Language and culture --- Linguistics --- Sociology --- Integrational linguistics (Oxford school) --- Language and history --- Germanic languages --- Historical linguistics. --- Sociolinguistics.

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The Paston family have long been famous for the large collection of letters and papers which bear their name. However, only recently have the 'Paston Letters' been used systematically by historians of fifteenth-century England: they are both attractive to read and fiendishly difficult to use as source material for the historian. This, the second volume in Colin Richmond's individual and compelling study of the Pastons, describes the bitter disputes over the will of Sir John Fastolf (d. 1459) which dogged the family for many years, and which hold a wider significance for the law, English country society, and the complex politics of the fifteenth century. Professor Richmond uses his mastery of the Paston documents to illuminate many obscurities surrounding the will, and at the same time creates an insightful and sympathetic picture of this fascinating, often troubled family.

English letters --- Letter writing --- Soldiers --- 942.04 --- 942.04 Geschiedenis van Engeland--(1399-1485) --- Geschiedenis van Engeland--(1399-1485) --- Armed Forces personnel --- Members of the Armed Forces --- Military personnel --- Military service members --- Service members --- Servicemen, Military --- Armed Forces --- History and criticism --- History --- Biography&delete& --- Sources --- Fastolf, John, --- Paston family --- Will. --- Correspondence. --- Paston letters. --- Paston letters, A.D. 1422-1509 --- Paston letters and papers of the fifteenth century --- England --- Norfolk (England) --- Norfolk --- County of Norfolk (England) --- Angleterre --- Anglii︠a︡ --- Inghilterra --- Engeland --- Inglaterra --- Anglija --- England and Wales --- Social life and customs --- Sources. --- History and criticism. --- Biography --- Arts and Humanities