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Première source d'énergie après la Seconde Guerre mondiale jusqu'à la fin des années 50, le charbon est la clé de voûte des relations économiques et diplomatiques entre les États-Unis et l'Europe de l'Ouest. Indispensable à la reconstruction, nécessaire à la stabilisation en Europe, il offre la possibilité aux États-Unis, de par leur influence politique et économique, de structurer un marché. Après 1945, ce marché charbonnier fut tout à la fois à l'image du « monde libre », l'expression du nouvel ordre économique international et de l'intégration européenne. À l'European Coal Organisation (ECO), créée par les Anglais et les Américains en 1945, succéda la Communauté Européenne du Charbon et de l'Acier (CECA) en 1952, alors presque copie conforme. L'Europe si diverse dans ses politiques économiques oscilla face à cette puissance selon les circonstances. En 1958, la grave crise charbonnière met en valeur une mutation de source d'énergie retardée depuis la Libération, et actualise une autre Communauté Européenne.

AA / International- internationaal --- 331.100 --- 334.150.4 --- 331.12 --- 338.733 --- Economische geschiedenis: algemeenheden. --- Europese gemeenschappen. EEG. EGKS. EGA. --- Geschiedenis van de industrie. --- Steenkool. Steenkoolhoudende mineralen. Vaste brandstoffen. --- Coal trade --- Charbon --- Industrie et commerce --- Histoire --- Coal industry --- Fuel trade --- Economische geschiedenis: algemeenheden --- Geschiedenis van de industrie --- Europese gemeenschappen. EEG. EGKS. EGA --- Steenkool. Steenkoolhoudende mineralen. Vaste brandstoffen --- European Coal and Steel Community. --- European coal and steel community --- ECSC. --- Communauté européenne du charbon et de l'acier. --- charbon --- Communauté Européenne du Charbon et de l'Acier --- relations économiques

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Les mécanismes institutionnels, les évolutions politiques, économiques et juridiques de cinquante ans de construction européenne sont généralement connus. Mais qu'en est-il des hommes ? Bien sûr, de nombreux travaux ont porté sur les figures emblématiques et les héros de la construction européenne. En revanche, tous ceux qui ont été l'Europe, qui l'ont faite au quotidien sont méconnus. Il en est ainsi des biographies des membres de la Haute Autorité de la Communauté européenne du charbon et de l'acier (CECA) que cet ouvrage explore. Dix-neuf hommes ont travaillé à Luxembourg entre 1952 et 1967. Ils appartiennent au mythe de l'institution « pionnière », synonyme de paix et de réconciliation européenne. Qu'en est-il de la réalité de leurs parcours ? D'où viennent-ils ? Comment traversent-ils la Seconde Guerre mondiale et la reconstruction ? Comment deviennent-ils Européens ? Quelle est la place de la Haute Autorité dans leur vie ? L'analyse biographique, en répondant à ces questions, apporte un point de vue nouveau sur les dirigeants de la première communauté et donc sur les institutions européennes en leurs débuts.

European Coal and Steel Community. --- Officials and employees --- History. --- Europe, Western --- Economic integration --- Commission of the European Communities --- West Europe --- Western Europe --- History --- CECA --- communauté européenne du charbon et de l'acier --- fonctionnaire européen --- biographie --- Europe,1975-1970 --- Europe --- 1975-1970

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"The European Court of Justice is widely acknowledged to have played a fundamental role in developing the constitutional law of the EU, having been the first to establish such key doctrines as direct effect, supremacy and parallelism in external relations. Traditionally, EU scholarship has praised the role of the ECJ, with more critical perspectives being given little voice in mainstream EU studies. From the standpoint of legal reasoning, Gerard Conway offers the first sustained critical assessment of how the ECJ engages in its function and offers a new argument as to how it should engage in legal reasoning. He also explains how different approaches to legal reasoning can fundamentally change the outcome of case law and how the constitutional values of the EU justify a different approach to the dominant method of the ECJ"-- "This book seeks to offer a critical perspective on the legal reasoning of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). In particular, it focuses on the question of the limits of legal reasoning: how far creativity and freedom from constraint can go in the task of legal reasoning by the EU judiciary. This question has two aspects to it: the epistemic or descriptive possibility of conserving versus creative interpretation and the normative desirability of conserving versus creative interpretation. The argument of the book is that interpretation by the judiciary linked to the understanding or interpretation of the law-maker is both epistemically possible and normatively desirable. This conserving (or orginalist or historical) approach to interpretation coheres much better with the rule of law and democracy, the twin pillars of accepted political morality in Europe, than the relatively creative, teleological approach to interpretation that is widely recognised to be the hallmark of the ECJ"--

Legal theory and methods. Philosophy of law --- European law --- European Communities --- Judicial process --- Law --- Interpretation and construction. --- Methodology. --- Court of Justice of the European Communities. --- LAW / International. --- Acts, Legislative --- Enactments, Legislative --- Laws (Statutes) --- Legislative acts --- Legislative enactments --- Jurisprudence --- Legislation --- Decision making, Judicial --- Judicial behavior --- Judicial decision making --- Judges --- Procedure (Law) --- Psychological aspects --- Interpretation and construction --- Cour de justice des communautés européennes --- Gerichtshof der Europäischen Gemeinschaften --- Corte di giustizia delle comunità europee --- Dikastērion tēs Europaikēs Oikonomikēs Koinotētos --- Hof van Justitie van de Europese Gemeenschappen --- Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas --- GHEG --- European Atomic Energy Community. --- European Economic Community. --- European Court of Justice --- Europäischer Gerichtshof --- Curtea de Justiție a Comunităților Europene --- Ōshū Shihō Saibansho --- G.H.E.G. --- Tribunal de Justiça das Comunidades Europeias --- Sud evropeĭskikh soobshchestv --- Avrupa Toplulukları Adalet Divanı --- Tribunal de Justiça das Comunidades --- Curia Communitatum Europaearum --- Eurōpaiko Dikastērio --- Dikastērio Eurōpaikōn Koinotētōn --- DEK --- EuGH --- ECJ --- D.E.K. --- Europejski Trybunał Sprawiedliwości --- ETS --- Dikastērio tōn Eurōpaikōn Koinotētōn --- CEJ --- European Union. --- European Coal and Steel Community. --- Court of Justice of the European Union --- Methodology --- Law / international. --- LAW / International --- Európai Bíróság --- Judicial process - European Union countries. --- Law - European Union countries - Interpretation and construction. --- Law - European Union countries - Methodology. --- General and Others

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Europe’s constitutional journey has not been a smooth one, and a better division and definition of competence in the European Union is a key issue that needs to be addressed. How can the division of competence be made more transparent? Should there be a reorganization of competence? How can it be ensured that the redefined division of competence will not lead to a creeping expansion of the competence of the Union or to encroachment upon the exclusive areas of competence of the Member States and regions? And how can it be ensured that the European dynamic does not come to a halt? Indeed, has the creeping expansion of the competence of the Union already come to a halt? These are the legal and political questions this book takes as its starting point for an in-depth exploration of the philosophical foundations of European constitutionalism.   The Passivity of Law: Competence and Constitution in the European Court of Justice opens with a legal account of the competence creep, including the role that the European Court of Justice plays in it and a sketch of the present division of competences and the main principles regulating it. It then discusses the relationship between constituent power and constituted or constitutional power from the viewpoint of the history of constitutional theory before offering an alternative interpretation of their relationship, the “chiastic theory,” which is based on the philosophical investigations of M. Merleau-Ponty. It details how this chiastic approach can be used to make sense of the Court’s role in the competence creep in general and the doctrine of implied powers in particular, and it utilizes several case studies concerning competences to sustain this claim. Aimed at researchers and practitioners in Philosophy, Phenomenology, Political Science, the Social Sciences and numerous fields of law, this monograph is a seminal work in the evolving theory and practice of EU (constitutional) law.

Competent authority -- European Union countries. --- Constitutional law -- European Union countries. --- Court of Justice of the European Communities. --- Law - Non-U.S. --- Philosophy & Religion --- Law, Politics & Government --- Law - Europe, except U.K. --- Philosophy --- Constitutional law --- Cour de justice des communautés européennes --- Gerichtshof der Europäischen Gemeinschaften --- Corte di giustizia delle comunità europee --- Dikastērion tēs Europaikēs Oikonomikēs Koinotētos --- Hof van Justitie van de Europese Gemeenschappen --- Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas --- GHEG --- European Atomic Energy Community. --- European Economic Community. --- European Court of Justice --- Europäischer Gerichtshof --- Curtea de Justiție a Comunităților Europene --- Ōshū Shihō Saibansho --- G.H.E.G. --- Tribunal de Justiça das Comunidades Europeias --- Sud evropeĭskikh soobshchestv --- Avrupa Toplulukları Adalet Divanı --- Tribunal de Justiça das Comunidades --- Curia Communitatum Europaearum --- Eurōpaiko Dikastērio --- Dikastērio Eurōpaikōn Koinotētōn --- DEK --- EuGH --- ECJ --- D.E.K. --- Europejski Trybunał Sprawiedliwości --- ETS --- Dikastērio tōn Eurōpaikōn Koinotētōn --- CEJ --- European Union. --- Philosophy. --- Political science. --- Phenomenology. --- Law --- Law. --- Public international law. --- Philosophy of Law. --- Public International Law. --- Political Science. --- Theories of Law, Philosophy of Law, Legal History. --- European Coal and Steel Community. --- Court of Justice of the European Union --- Philosophy of law. --- Phenomenology . --- Public International Law . --- Philosophy, Modern --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Law—Philosophy. --- Acts, Legislative --- Enactments, Legislative --- Laws (Statutes) --- Legislative acts --- Legislative enactments --- Jurisprudence --- Legislation --- Law of nations --- Nations, Law of --- Public international law

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Judicial Deliberations compares how and why the European Court of Justice, the French Cour de cassation and the US Supreme Court offer different approaches for generating judicial accountability and control, judicial debate and deliberation, and ultimately judicial legitimacy.Examining the judicial argumentation of the United States Supreme Court and of the French Cour de cassation, the book first reorders the traditional comparative understanding of the difference between French civil law and American common law judicial decision-making. It then uses this analysis to offer the first detailed

Judicial process --- France. --- United States. --- Court of Justice of the European Communities. --- Decision making, Judicial --- Judicial behavior --- Judicial decision making --- Cour de justice des communautés européennes --- Gerichtshof der Europäischen Gemeinschaften --- Corte di giustizia delle comunità europee --- Dikastērion tēs Europaikēs Oikonomikēs Koinotētos --- Hof van Justitie van de Europese Gemeenschappen --- Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas --- GHEG --- European Atomic Energy Community. --- European Economic Community. --- European Court of Justice --- Europäischer Gerichtshof --- Curtea de Justiție a Comunităților Europene --- Ōshū Shihō Saibansho --- G.H.E.G. --- Tribunal de Justiça das Comunidades Europeias --- Sud evropeĭskikh soobshchestv --- Avrupa Toplulukları Adalet Divanı --- Tribunal de Justiça das Comunidades --- Curia Communitatum Europaearum --- Eurōpaiko Dikastērio --- Dikastērio Eurōpaikōn Koinotētōn --- DEK --- EuGH --- ECJ --- D.E.K. --- Europejski Trybunał Sprawiedliwości --- ETS --- Dikastērio tōn Eurōpaikōn Koinotētōn --- CEJ --- European Union. --- Supreme Court (U.S.) --- Chief Justice of the United States --- Supreme Court of the United States --- 美國. --- Judges --- Law --- Procedure (Law) --- Psychological aspects --- Interpretation and construction --- European Coal and Steel Community. --- Court of Justice of the European Union --- Európai Bíróság