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Indian captivities --- Enslaved Indians --- Slavery --- Indians of North America --- History.

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This absorbing book is the first ever to focus on the traffic in Indian slaves during the early years of the American South. The Indian slave trade was of central importance from the Carolina coast to the Mississippi Valley for nearly fifty years, linking southern lives and creating a whirlwind of violence and profit-making, argues Alan Gallay. He documents in vivid detail how the trade operated, the processes by which Europeans and Native Americans became participants, and the profound consequences for the South and its peoples. The author places Native Americans at the center of the story of European colonization and the evolution of plantation slavery in America. He explores the impact of such contemporary forces as the African slave trade, the unification of England and Scotland, and the competition among European empires as well as political and religious divisions in England and in South Carolina. Gallay also analyzes how Native American societies approached warfare, diplomacy, and decisions about allying and trading with Europeans. His wide-ranging research not only illuminates a crucial crossroad of European and Native American history but also establishes a new context for understanding racism, colonialism, and the meaning of ethnicity in early America.

Slave trade --- Indian slaves --- Indians, Treatment of --- Indians of North America --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- First Nations (North America) --- Indians of the United States --- Indigenous peoples --- Native Americans --- North American Indians --- Indians --- Slaves --- History --- Social conditions. --- Culture --- Ethnology --- Government relations --- Social conditions --- Enslaved persons --- Enslaved Indians

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During the two centuries following European contact, the world of late prehistoric Mississippian chiefdoms collapsed and Native communities there fragmented, migrated, coalesced, and reorganized into new and often quite different societies. The editors of this volume, Robbie Ethridge and Sheri M. Shuck-Hall, argue that such a period and region of instability and regrouping constituted a "shatter zone."

Colonists --- Europeans --- Social change --- Regionalism --- Slave trade --- Indian slaves --- Mississippian culture --- Settlers (Colonists) --- Persons --- Ethnology --- Change, Social --- Cultural change --- Cultural transformation --- Societal change --- Socio-cultural change --- Social history --- Social evolution --- Human geography --- Nationalism --- Interregionalism --- Slaves --- Temple Mound culture --- Indians of North America --- Mound-builders --- History. --- Antiquities --- North America --- Ethnic relations. --- Colonization. --- Turtle Island (Continent) --- Enslaved persons --- Enslaved Indians

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In Brethren by Nature, Margaret Ellen Newell reveals a little-known aspect of American history: English colonists in New England enslaved thousands of Indians. Massachusetts became the first English colony to legalize slavery in 1641, and the colonists' desire for slaves shaped the major New England Indian wars, including the Pe" War of 1637, King Philip's War of 1675-76, and the northeastern Wabanaki conflicts of 1676-1749. When the wartime conquest of Indians ceased, New Englanders turned to the courts to get control of their labor, or imported Indians from Florida and the Carolinas, or simply claimed free Indians as slaves. Drawing on letters, diaries, newspapers, and court records, Newell recovers the slaves' own stories and shows how they influenced New England society in crucial ways. Indians lived in English homes, raised English children, and manned colonial armies, farms, and fleets, exposing their captors to Native religion, foods, and technology. Some achieved freedom and power in this new colonial culture, but others experienced violence, surveillance, and family separations. Newell also explains how slavery linked the fate of Africans and Indians. The trade in Indian captives connected New England to Caribbean and Atlantic slave economies. Indians labored on sugar plantations in Jamaica, tended fields in the Azores, and rowed English naval galleys in Tangier. Indian slaves outnumbered Africans within New England before 1700, but the balance soon shifted. Fearful of the growing African population, local governments stripped Indian and African servants and slaves of legal rights and personal freedoms. Nevertheless, because Indians remained a significant part of the slave population, the New England colonies did not adopt all of the rigid racial laws typical of slave societies in Virginia and Barbados. Newell finds that second- and third-generation Indian slaves fought their enslavement and claimed citizenship in cases that had implications for all enslaved peoples in eighteenth-century America.

Indians of North America --- Slavery --- Indian slaves --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- First Nations (North America) --- Indians of the United States --- Indigenous peoples --- Native Americans --- North American Indians --- Abolition of slavery --- Antislavery --- Enslavement --- Mui tsai --- Ownership of slaves --- Servitude --- Slave keeping --- Slave system --- Slaveholding --- Thralldom --- Crimes against humanity --- Serfdom --- Slaveholders --- Slaves --- History --- Culture --- Ethnology --- New England --- Northeastern States --- Race relations. --- Enslaved persons --- Enslaved Indians

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"This project examines Anglo-Indian interactions through the conception of Native tributaries to the Virginia colony, with particular emphasis on the colonial and tributary and foreign Native settlements of the Piedmont and southwestern Coastal Plain between 1646 and 1722. The transformation of Virginia from fledgling colony on the outpost of empire to a frontier model of English society did not occur without significant interactions between colonizers and Natives. By most accounts, the second half of the seventeenth century witnessed a transformation in Virginia, setting forth political, economic, racial, and class distinctions that typified Virginia for the next three centuries. Power became consolidated in the hands of a few wealthy landowners who looked to slave labor to run their plantation economy. Social stratification increased and the planters eventually became the political and cultural authorities in the colony. English colonists had great concerns about how to interact with their Native neighbors, concerns that determined English settlement, trade, and diplomacy, and eventually set the stage for Indian relocation, displacement, and removal. Many of the powerful families that emerged to dominate Virginia's history gained their start through Native trade and diplomacy in this transformative period and that will be a central focus of this work"--Provided by publisher.

Social change --- Indian slaves --- Indians of North America --- Colonists --- British Americans --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- First Nations (North America) --- Indians of the United States --- Indigenous peoples --- Native Americans --- North American Indians --- Anglo-Americans --- English Americans --- British --- Ethnology --- Settlers (Colonists) --- Persons --- Slaves --- Change, Social --- Cultural change --- Cultural transformation --- Societal change --- Socio-cultural change --- Social history --- Social evolution --- History. --- Commerce --- Culture --- Virginia --- Commonwealth of Virginia --- Old Dominion --- Sodruzhestvo Virdzhiniĭ --- Virdzhinii︠a︡ --- Colony and Dominion of Virginia --- Colony of Virginia --- Virginia Colony --- West Virginia --- Northwest Territory --- Kentucky --- Virginia (Reorganized government : 1861-1863) --- Ethnic relations --- History --- Enslaved persons --- Enslaved Indians