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"This book focuses on the study of the remarkable new source of geographic information that has become available in the form of user-generated content accessible over the Internet through mobile and Web applications. The exploitation, integration and application of these sources, termed volunteered geographic information (VGI) or crowdsourced geographic information (CGI), offer scientists an unprecedented opportunity to conduct research on a variety of topics at multiple scales and for diversified objectives. The Handbook is organized in five parts, addressing the fundamental questions: What motivates citizens to provide such information in the public domain, and what factors govern/predict its validity?What methods might be used to validate such information? Can VGI be framed within the larger domain of sensor networks, in which inert and static sensors are replaced or combined by intelligent and mobile humans equipped with sensing devices? What limitations are imposed on VGI by differential access to broadband Internet, mobile phones, and other communication technologies, and by concerns over privacy? How do VGI and crowdsourcing enable innovation applications to benefit human society? Chapters examine how crowdsourcing techniques and methods, and the VGI phenomenon, have motivated a multidisciplinary research community to identify both fields of applications and quality criteria depending on the use of VGI. Besides harvesting tools and storage of these data, research has paid remarkable attention to these information resources, in an age when information and participation is one of the most important drivers of development. The collection opens questions and points to new research directions in addition to the findings that each of the authors demonstrates. Despite rapid progress in VGI research, this Handbook also shows that there are technical, social, political and methodological challenges that require further studies and research."

Geographic information systems. --- Human computation. --- User-generated content. --- User-created content --- Electronic information resources --- Social media --- Crowdsourcing (Distributed artificial intelligence) --- Human-based computation --- Human computation systems --- Distributed artificial intelligence --- Human-computer interaction --- Geographical information systems --- GIS (Information systems) --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Geography

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Die digitale Revolution ist mit dem Versprechen verknüpft, die Selbstständigkeit des einzelnen Nutzers zu stärken. Der Aufstieg von kommerziellen Plattformen zur Koordination von Crowdarbeit stellt die Gültigkeit dieses Narrativs jedoch in Frage. In Crowd-Design analysiert Florian Alexander Schmidt die Entstehungsgeschichte, Funktionsweise und Rhetorik solcher Plattformen. Der Vergleich von historischen Crowd-Diskursen und Visionen der Online-Kollaboration bildet den Ausgangspunkt für eine kritische Betrachtung aktueller Ausprägungen von Crowdarbeit: Der Fokus der Studie liegt auf der Auslagerung von Designaufgaben unter Verwendung dieser Crowdsourcing-Plattformen. Grundlegenden Mechanismen, welche den Plattformbetreibern zur Motivation und Kontrolle der Crowds dienen, werden offengelegt. The digital revolution is interwoven with the promise to empower the user. Yet, the rise of centralised, commercial platforms for crowdsourced work questions the validity of this narrative. In Crowd-Design, Florian Alexander Schmidt analyses the workings and the rhetoric of crowdsourced work platforms by comparing the way they address the masses today with historic notions of the crowd. The utopian concepts of early online collaboration are taken as a vantage point from which to view and critique current and, at times, dystopian applications of crowdsourced work. The study is focused on the crowdsourcing of design tasks, but these specific applications are used to examine the design of the more general mechanisms employed by the platform providers to motivate and control the crowds. Crowd-Design is as much about the crowdsourcing of design as it is about the design of crowdsourcing.

Virtual work teams. --- Groupware (Computer software) --- Work design. --- Human computation. --- DESIGN / General. --- DESIGN / Graphic Arts / General. --- Crowdsourcing (Distributed artificial intelligence) --- Human-based computation --- Human computation systems --- Distributed artificial intelligence --- Human-computer interaction --- Design of work systems --- Job design --- Work systems design --- Methods engineering --- Collaborative software --- Teamware (Computer software) --- Workgroup software --- Computer software --- Eteams (Virtual work teams) --- Virtual teams (Work teams) --- VTeams (Virtual work teams) --- Teams in the workplace --- Virtual work teams --- Work design --- Human computation --- E-books

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The phenomenon of volunteered geographic information is part of a profound transformation in how geographic data, information, and knowledge are produced and circulated. By situating volunteered geographic information (VGI) in the context of big-data deluge and the data-intensive inquiry, the 20 chapters in this book explore both the theories and applications of crowdsourcing for geographic knowledge production with three sections focusing on 1).  VGI, Public Participation, and Citizen Science; 2). Geographic Knowledge Production and Place Inference; and 3). Emerging Applications and New Challenges.  This book argues that future progress in VGI research depends in large part on building strong linkages with diverse geographic scholarship. Contributors of this volume situate VGI research in geography’s core concerns with space and place, and offer several ways of addressing persistent challenges of quality assurance in VGI. This book positions VGI as part of a shift toward hybrid epistemologies, and potentially a fourth paradigm of data-intensive inquiry across the sciences. It also considers the implications of VGI and the exaflood for further time-space compression and new forms, degrees of digital inequality, the renewed importance of geography, and the role of crowdsourcing for geographic knowledge production.

Geographical perception. --- Geographic information systems --- Human computation --- Data mining --- Geography --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Geography-General --- Cartography --- Geographic information systems. --- Human computation. --- Data mining. --- Crowdsourcing --- Human-based computation --- Human computation systems --- Geography. --- Geographical information systems. --- Geographical Information Systems/Cartography. --- Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. --- Algorithmic knowledge discovery --- Factual data analysis --- KDD (Information retrieval) --- Knowledge discovery in data --- Knowledge discovery in databases --- Mining, Data --- Database searching --- Geographical information systems --- GIS (Information systems) --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Crowdsourcing (Distributed artificial intelligence) --- Distributed artificial intelligence --- Human-computer interaction

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This book attempts to link some of the recent advances in crowdsourcing with advances in innovation and management. It contributes to the literature in several ways. First, it provides a global definition, insights and examples of this managerial perspective resulting in a theoretical framework. Second, it explores the relationship between crowdsourcing and technological innovation, the development of social networks and new behaviors of Internet users. Third, it explores different crowdsourcing applications in various sectors such as medicine, tourism, information and communication technology (ICT), and marketing. Fourth, it observes the ways in which crowdsourcing can improve production, finance, management and overall managerial performance. Crowdsourcing, also known as “massive outsourcing” or “voluntary outsourcing,” is the act of taking a job or a specific task usually performed by an employee of a company or contractors, and outsourcing it to a large group of people or a community (crowd or mass) via the Internet, through an open call. The term was coined by Jeff Howe in a 2006 issue of Wired magazine. It is being developed in different sciences (i.e., medicine, engineering, ICT, management) and is used in the most successful companies of the modern era (i.e., Apple, Facebook, Inditex, Starbucks). The developments in crowdsourcing has theoretical and practical implications, which will be explored in this book. Including contributions from international academics, scholars and professionals within the field, this book provides a global, multidimensional perspective on crowdsourcing.

Economics/Management Science. --- Innovation/Technology Management. --- Entrepreneurship. --- IT in Business. --- Economics. --- Economie politique --- Entrepreneuriat --- Management information systems. --- Management --- Business & Economics --- Management Theory --- Human-computer interaction. --- Human computation. --- Crowdsourcing. --- Crowdsourcing --- Human-based computation --- Human computation systems --- Computer-human interaction --- Human factors in computing systems --- Interaction, Human-computer --- Business. --- Management. --- Industrial management. --- Information technology. --- Business --- Business and Management. --- Data processing. --- Electronic data processing --- IT (Information technology) --- Technology --- Telematics --- Information superhighway --- Knowledge management --- Business administration --- Business enterprises --- Business management --- Corporate management --- Corporations --- Industrial administration --- Management, Industrial --- Rationalization of industry --- Scientific management --- Industrial organization --- Administration --- Industrial relations --- Organization --- Entrepreneur --- Intrapreneur --- Capitalism --- Business incubators --- Trade --- Economics --- Commerce --- Industrial management --- Crowdsourcing (Distributed artificial intelligence) --- Distributed artificial intelligence --- Human-computer interaction --- Human engineering --- User-centered system design --- User interfaces (Computer systems) --- Business—Data processing.

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This book promotes the exploitation of novel and emerging approaches for mapping environmental and urban informatics empowered by citizens. Chapters are grouped in three sections representing the main subjects. The first section describes data acquisition and modeling. The second section focuses on the quality and reliability of data. The final section presents different methods of environmental monitoring and perception. The book includes diverse case studies from Mexico, the United States and Czech Republic. Topics covered in Citizen Empowered Mapping are of interest for research scholars, practitioners, postgraduates, and professionals from a variety of disciplines including geography, environmental science, geographic information science, social science, and computer science.

Geography. --- Earth sciences. --- Computers. --- Geographical information systems. --- Geographical Information Systems/Cartography. --- Information Systems and Communication Service. --- Earth Sciences, general. --- Geographic information systems. --- Human computation. --- Data mining. --- Algorithmic knowledge discovery --- Factual data analysis --- KDD (Information retrieval) --- Knowledge discovery in data --- Knowledge discovery in databases --- Mining, Data --- Crowdsourcing --- Human-based computation --- Human computation systems --- Geographical information systems --- GIS (Information systems) --- Crowdsourcing (Distributed artificial intelligence) --- Information systems. --- Cosmography --- Earth sciences --- World history --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Geography --- Database searching --- Distributed artificial intelligence --- Human-computer interaction --- Geosciences --- Environmental sciences --- Physical sciences --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic brains --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Cybernetics --- Machine theory --- Calculators --- Cyberspace