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Lignocellulosic biomass has great potentials as an alternative feedstock for fuels and chemicals. For effective utilization of biomass, biomass recalcitrance, which is inherent resistance of plant cell walls to biological deconstruction, needs to be reduced. Among many factors in biomass, lignin is significantly related to biomass recalcitrance. Lignin, a complex aromatic polymer, is the largest non-carbohydrate component (15-40% dry weight) in most terrestrial plants. In nature, it provides a structural integrity, facilitates water and nutrient transport, and protects plants from microbial attack. From a different angle, lignin significantly contributes to biomass recalcitrance, so it is necessary to reduce and/or modify the lignin for effective conversion of biomass. Genetic modifications of the lignin biosynthetic pathway and lignin-targeting pretreatments have been developed to minimize the lignin-induced biomass recalcitrance. High carbon content of lignin also renders it an attractive feedstock for many applications. About 100,000 to 200,000 tons of lignin can be generated per year as a byproduct from cellulosic ethanol production, so valorization of these lignins could be one of keys for achieving economic biorefinery. However, investigations of lignin conversion have not been accomplished as the utilization of carbohydrates in biomass. Depolymerization of lignin is still challenging because of its broad distribution of bond strengths, recondensation of low-molecular species, and poor product selectivity. Diverse biological and thermochemical depolymerization methods have been investigated to overcome these barriers. In this Research Topic, recent advancements in biomass recalcitrance by effective utilization of lignin are introduced.

materials --- Biofuels --- characterization --- biorefining --- Bio-derived Chemicals

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Two-dimensional (2D) materials and their vertical/lateral heterostructures are currently the subject of massive research interests, both for fundamental science and for technological applications in diverse fields, such as electronics, optoelectronics, quantum metrology, spintronics, membranes, energy conversion/storage, and sensing. Integration of 2D materials within real device structures currently represents the main challenge to move from the laboratory stage to industrial applications, especially in the fields of electronics/optoelectronics. This Book is a collection of 9 papers, covering the different key topics of this rapidly developing research field. These include: synthesis of 2D materials, progress in relevant processing issues (contact, doping and mobility engineering), advanced characterization techniques, novel device applications based on the integration of these 2D materials. Many of the papers of this collection are review papers, providing the general introductory information and a broad overview of the most recent advances in the specific topic. Hence, this book can serve both as a general introduction for non-experts in the field and as a guide for scientists/engineers working in the field of 2D materials integration.

synthesis --- advanced characterization --- 2D materials --- integration --- electronics/optoelectronics applications

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

biodegradable polymers --- biodegradable composites --- biodegradability --- material characterization --- environmental sustainability --- recyclability

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This book presents select proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Glasses and Glass-ceramics (ICAGGC 2022). The year 2022 was declared as the International Year of Glass and this timely volume marks the importance of glass to achieve a more equitable and sustainable world. Various topics covered in this volume include structure and properties of glass, simulation and modelling on glass, glass/glass-ceramics for biomedical applications, glass for photonic applications, glass for energy and environment, multifunctional glass and glass-ceramics, and manufacturing and processing of glass. The book will be useful for researchers and professionals working in the field of materials science, especially glass. .

Glass. --- Ceramic materials. --- Materials --- Ceramics. --- Materials Characterization Technique. --- Analysis.

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This book explores various unique characteristics of graphene quantum dots and their potential applications in a variety of fields. It provides an in-depth investigation of the present state of the art in graphene quantum dots, composites, hybrid structures, and other related topics. Various topics covered in this book are synthesis and characterization of graphene quantum dots, modelling and simulation, nanoscale applications nanosensors, bio-nanosensors, energy applications, industrial applications, healthcare applications, textile applications, and many more. Given the contents, this book is highly useful for material scientists and also the researchers and professionals in the areas of chemistry and physics.

Materials science. --- Nanotechnology. --- Materials --- Materials Science. --- Materials Characterization Technique. --- Analysis.