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Igneous oceanic crust is one of the largest potential habitats for life on earth, and microbial activity supported by rock-water-microbe reactions in this environment can impact global biogeochemical cycles. However, our understanding of the microbiology of this system, especially the subsurface “deep biosphere” component of it, has traditionally been limited by sample availability and quality. Over the past decade, several major international programs (such as the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations, the current International Ocean Discovery Program and its predecessor Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, and the Deep Carbon Observatory) have focused on advancing our understanding of life in this cryptic, yet globally relevant, biosphere. Additionally, many field and laboratory research programs are examining hydrothermal vent systems –a seafloor expression of seawater that has been thermally and chemically altered in subseafloor crust – and the microbial communities supported by these mineral-rich fluids. The Frontiers in Microbiology 3 September 2017 | Recent Advances in Geomicrobiology of the Ocean Crust papers in this special issue bring together recent discoveries of microbial presence, diversity and activity in these dynamic ocean environments. Cumulatively, the articles in this special issue serve as a tribute to the late Dr. Katrina J. Edwards, who was a pioneer and profound champion of studying microbes that “rust the crust”. This special issue volume serves as a foundation for the continued exploration of the subsurface ocean crust deep biosphere.

IODP --- deep biosphere --- hydrothermal vents --- Geomicrobiology --- ocean crust --- iron oxidation --- sulfate reduction

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This volume synthesizes the relevant data that is fundamental to our understanding of trace metal biogeochemistry and the ecology of biological communities of deep-sea vent systems. It presents the combined results of biological and geochemical research and analyzes the microdistribution of animals and the spatial structure of vent communities. Careful consideration is given to the export of iron and other trace metals from hydrothermal vents. The environmental conditions to be found in deep-sea hydrothermal community habitats, along with the trace metal behavior in biotope water are characterized and the sources and forms of trace metals taken up by dominant hydrothermal vent animals are discussed. Special attention is paid to the poorly investigated deep biosphere of the sub-seafloor igneous crust. The book is illustrated with a wealth of exceptional deep-sea photos taken by the manned submersible “Mir”, and a dedicated chapter focuses on the role of deep manned submersibles in ocean research. The book will be of interest to researchers and students in the fields of oceanography, geochemistry, biology, the environmental sciences and marine ecology.

Environment. --- Analytical chemistry. --- Geochemistry. --- Geobiology. --- Aquatic ecology. --- Environmental chemistry. --- Environmental Chemistry. --- Analytical Chemistry. --- Biogeosciences. --- Freshwater & Marine Ecology. --- Chemistry, Environmental --- Chemical composition of the earth --- Chemical geology --- Geological chemistry --- Geology, Chemical --- Analysis, Chemical --- Analytical chemistry --- Chemical analysis --- Analytical biochemistry. --- Aquatic biology. --- Chemistry --- Ecology --- Earth sciences --- Hydrobiology --- Water biology --- Aquatic sciences --- Biology --- Analytic biochemistry --- Biochemistry --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Bioanalytic chemistry --- Bioanalytical chemistry --- Hydrothermal vents. --- Black smokers (Oceanography) --- Deep-sea vents, Hydrothermal --- Hydrothermal deep-sea vents --- Oceanic hot springs --- Vents, Hydrothermal --- Hot springs --- Submarine topography --- Sea-floor spreading --- Aquatic ecology . --- Aquatic biology --- Biosphere --- Analytic chemistry

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Studying the origin of life is one of man’s greatest achievements over the last sixty years. The fields of interest encompassed by this quest are multiple and interdisciplinary: chemistry, physics, biology, biochemistry, mathematics, geology but also statistics, atmospheric science, meteorology, oceanography, and astrophysics. Recent scientific discoveries, such as water on Mars and the existence of super-Earths with atmospheres similar to primordial Earth, have pushed researchers to simulate prebiotic conditions in explaining the abiotic formation of molecules essential to life. This collection of articles offers an overview of recent discoveries in the field of prebiotic chemistry of biomolecules, their formation and selection, and the evolution of complex chemical systems.

minerals --- n/a --- inosine --- carbamic acid --- prebiotic chemistry --- pentopyranose nucleic acid --- catalysis --- MVC architecture pattern and biological information --- carbon dioxide-ammonia ices --- stability as a selection pressure --- ribozyme and tRNA --- translation and the genetic code --- AnyLogic software for computer simulation of translation machine --- Darwinian evolution --- prebiotic information system --- genetic code origin --- electrochemistry --- coevolution of translation machine and the genetic code --- digit multiplicity --- thermodynamic bottleneck --- abasic oligomers --- selection --- nucleotide stability --- AICAR --- tRNA-synthetase --- hypercycle --- nucleotide oligomerization --- origin of life --- thioester --- dry-wet cycles --- Chemomimesis --- population growth --- tRNA and mRNA --- diversity --- early peptides --- Molecular Darwinism --- tRNA accretion model --- replication --- aldol reaction --- hydrothermal vents --- base pairing --- numerical codons --- abiogenesis --- purine precursor --- peptide/RNA world --- information --- ab initio molecular dynamics --- RNA --- cysteine --- nucleotide and nucleoside synthesis --- thiol-rich peptides --- novel metalloproteins --- transmission --- function --- energy currency --- anharmonicity --- arabinopyranose nucleic acid --- bridge peptide and aaRS --- aminonitriles --- mechanochemistry --- prebiotic polymerization --- origins of life --- encoding --- carbon fixation --- infrared spectra --- phosphoryl transfer --- metabolism --- growth order --- layered double hydroxide (LDH) clay --- molecular clocks --- Monte Carlo --- binary patterned amino acid sequences --- network expansion simulation --- prebiotic soup --- nucleotidyltransferases --- mixed anhydride --- phosphates --- translation --- ribosome --- pentose diphosphate --- monosaccharides --- systems chemistry --- reduction --- imidazoles --- protein design